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Is Burunking: Difference between revisions
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'''Is Burunking''' (/is buɾˈuŋkiŋ/, literally 'Burungian language') is the language of Burung, an island in the north Atlantic Ocean. | |||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
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| s | | s | ||
| ʃ | | ʃ | ||
| | | ʐ | ||
| ç | | ç | ||
| | | | ||
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===Diphthongs=== | ===Diphthongs=== | ||
There are | There are six diphthongs proper: ''ai'' /ai/, ''ei'' /ei/, ''oi'' /oi/, ''au'' /au/, ''eu'' /eu/ and ''ou'' /ou/, which may be considered sequences of vowels in measuring syllables. In addition, any vowel is permitted to occur following the 'glides' /w/ or /j/. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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| style="text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | | | style="text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | | ||
* optional | * optional | ||
* only ''b, g, h, x, l'' or '' | * only ''b, g, h, x, l, n, ng'' or ''m'' word-initially | ||
* any consonant word-medially | * any consonant word-medially | ||
| style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top; " | | | style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top; " | | ||
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The word-final consonants ''s, sh, ng'' and ''z'' are not permitted to occur before another consonant, so undergo changes in compounds or when consonant-initial endings are added: | The word-final consonants ''s, sh, ng'' and ''z'' are not permitted to occur before another consonant, so undergo changes in compounds or when consonant-initial endings are added: | ||
* Final ''-s'' is lost, the preceding vowel lengthens and a following voiced plosive is devoiced: ''is'' 'language, speech' + ''-do'' (pejorative) = '' | * Final ''-s'' is lost, the preceding vowel lengthens and a following voiced plosive is devoiced: ''is'' 'language, speech' + ''-do'' (pejorative) = ''yito'' 'curse', ''os'' 'cold' + ''-pung'' (abstract) = ''oopung'' 'coldness'. | ||
* Final ''-sh'' is replaced by ''-i-'', forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel (''ush > oi'', ''ish > ei, ii''), and a following voiced plosive is devoiced: ''banash'' 'fruit' + ''-to'' (diminutive) = ''banaito'' 'berry', ''ush'' 'empty' + ''gyong'' 'person' = ''oikyong'' 'vain person'. | * Final ''-sh'' is replaced by ''-i-'', forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel (''ush > oi'', ''ish > ei, ii''), and a following voiced plosive is devoiced: ''banash'' 'fruit' + ''-to'' (diminutive) = ''banaito'' 'berry', ''ush'' 'empty' + ''gyong'' 'person' = ''oikyong'' 'vain person'. | ||
* Final ''-ng'' becomes ''-n-'' (or ''-m'' before ''p, b, f''): ''gyong'' 'person' + ''-zoi'' (collective) = ''gyonzoi'' 'team, band', ''yong'' 'smooth' + ''-pung'' (abstract) = ''yompung'' 'smoothness'. | * Final ''-ng'' becomes ''-n-'' (or ''-m'' before ''p, b, f''): ''gyong'' 'person' + ''-zoi'' (collective) = ''gyonzoi'' 'team, band', ''yong'' 'smooth' + ''-pung'' (abstract) = ''yompung'' 'smoothness'. | ||
* Final ''-z'' is lost entirely: ''az'' 'man' + ''-chi'' (adjectival) = ''achi'' 'masculine'. | * Final ''-z'' is lost entirely: ''az'' 'man' + ''-chi'' (adjectival) = ''achi'' 'masculine'. | ||
Word-final vowels may also be altered or lost when they come into contact with initial vowels in compounds or endings. In words of three or more syllables, the vowel is always lost, e.g. ''arato'' 'food' + ''-oi'' (adjectival) = ''aratoi'' 'gluttonous', ''eshayo'' 'sea' + ''ugi'' 'bread' = ''eshayugi'' 'seaweed'. Words of two syllables usually lose their final vowel, e.g. ''binji'' 'mountain' + ''arate'' 'gap' = ''binjarate'' 'mountain pass', but when the second word is only one syllable the final vowel sometimes remains, forming a glide in the case of ''i'' or ''u'' e.g. ''bigi'' 'eye' + ''uz'' 'water' = ''bigyuz''. In reduplication, the final vowel often remains in disyllables, e.g. ''aze-aze'' 'very dark'. | |||
===Stress=== | |||
Primary stress is generally on the penultimate syllable of polysyllables, e.g. ''berósu'' 'nine', ''esháyo'' 'sea', ''ázeng'' 'fish'. | |||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Is Burunking was originally written in a syllabary called '' | Is Burunking was originally written in a syllabary called ''hookozoi'', mainly carved into wood or, occasionally, stone. | ||
When the language was initially discovered by Europeans the Greek alphabet was used in its transcription, but later studies preferred to use the Latin script, which is still used today. | When the language was initially discovered by Europeans the Greek alphabet was used in its transcription, but later studies preferred to use the Latin script, which is still used today. | ||
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| /ou/ | | /ou/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
In word or syllable initial position the sequences ''ii, uu'' are written ''yi, wu''. The glide /j/ is always written ''y'' but /w/ is written ''u'' following a consonant and ''w'' syllable initially. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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Nouns are generally not marked for number and context is usually sufficient to show whether ''heleji'' means 'horse' or 'horses'. Numerals or adjectives can be used to qualify the noun for number, e.g. ''bade oz'' 'one dog, a dog'. | Nouns are generally not marked for number and context is usually sufficient to show whether ''heleji'' means 'horse' or 'horses'. Numerals or adjectives can be used to qualify the noun for number, e.g. ''bade oz'' 'one dog, a dog'. | ||
There are two collective suffixes, which may sometimes translate the English plural: ''-zoi'' is used to refer to a group of things, usually within a single place, e.g. ''gyonzoi'' 'band, group, team of people', ''helejizoi'' 'a herd of horses'; ''- | There are two collective suffixes, which may sometimes translate the English plural: ''-zoi'' is used to refer to a group of things, usually within a single place, e.g. ''gyonzoi'' 'band, group, team of people', ''helejizoi'' 'a herd of horses'; ''-bua'' is more abstract, referring to all things within a class collectively and also to the state of being an object within that class, similar in some ways to the English suffix '-hood' in a word like 'priesthood', e.g. ''gyombua'' 'everybody, humanity, humankind, population', ''binjibua'' 'mountains'. Both of these suffixes are productive, though in some cases the noun with the suffix has taken on a specialised meaning as in ''azoi'' 'council, assembly' from ''az'' 'man'. Reduplication may also be used to express a large group of something, often with an intensive meaning, e.g. ''gyongyong'' 'crowd, mass of people', ''yaiyai'' 'storm' (from ''yai'' 'wind'). | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! | when | ! | when | ||
| '' | | ''neuji'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="width: 150px; "| -time | ! style="width: 150px; "| -time | ||
| '' | | ''eujido'' | ||
| '' | | ''eneuji'' | ||
| '' | | ''eujeuji'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Nouns | ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Nouns | ||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''-bua'' | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | collective, abstract | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''bidebua'' 'route' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''-daz'' | | style="text-align:left;" | ''-daz'' | ||
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| style="text-align:left;" | pejorative | | style="text-align:left;" | pejorative | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''izido'' 'mocking laughter' | | style="text-align:left;" | ''izido'' 'mocking laughter' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''-ko'' | | style="text-align:left;" | ''-ko'' | ||