Is Burunking: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
(→Nouns) |
(→Verbs) |
||
Line 587: | Line 587: | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Burunking verbs are usually composed of two elements: the '''main verb''' which contains the semantic information and an '''auxiliary verb''' that contains most of the conjugation information. Verbs may be conjugated according to the following criteria: | |||
Verbs may be conjugated according to the following criteria: | |||
* Tense: present or non-present | * Tense: present or non-present | ||
* Mood: indicative, hypothetical, hortative, imperative | * Mood: indicative, hypothetical, hortative, imperative | ||
Line 602: | Line 594: | ||
* Valency: transitive, intransitive, applicative or causative. | * Valency: transitive, intransitive, applicative or causative. | ||
====Main Verbs==== | |||
Main verbs contain the primary semantic information of the Burunking verb form. At the heart of the main verb is a verbal root, one of a small closed class of elements denoting either basic physical processes (e.g. ''ANG'' "eat"), states (e.g. ''YEKI'' "stand") or types of movement (e.g. ''BII'' "move"). Verbal roots cannot occur independently and, at the most basic, must be accompanied by the prefix ''e-, i-'' or ''y-'' to create a simple non-finite verb stem, e.g. ''yang'' "eat", ''eyeki'' "stand", ''ibii'' "move". | |||
==== | |||
::<small>'''''Note''''': where verbal roots are shown alone in this article, they will be written in caps to indicate their dependent status, e.g. ''ANG''</small> | |||
* ''' | The meaning of the verbal root may be modified by one of three processes: | ||
* '''Reduplication''' of the root creates an intensive or '''frequentative''' meaning, e.g. ''ibiibii'' "flit about", ''yangang'' "scoff, gobble", ''inuanua'' "chatter, babble" (< ''NUA'' "speak, make noise"). | |||
* '''The infix ''-na-''''' may precede the root to create a '''pejorative''' verb indicating perversity, ill intent or action resulting in unfortunate circumstances, e.g. ''enaro'' "molest, chafe" < ''RO'' "touch", ''enaus'' "flee, escape" < ''US'' "move away". | |||
* | * '''The suffix ''-ki''''' may be added to the end of the root, creating an '''applicative''' whereby the direct object of the verb denotes the benefactor, malefactor, recipient, purpose or goal of the action, depending on context and the meaning of the verb, e.g. ''egonki'' "wait for" < ''GONG'' "wait, stay". | ||
The majority of main verbs replace the prefix with a nominal element that alters the meaning of the root. The initial element may be: | |||
* ''' | * a '''noun''' denoting the direct object of the verb, e.g. ''burushigos'' "throw a spear" (< ''burushi'' "spear" + ''GOS'' "throw"), ''xennua'' "call by name" (< ''xeng'' "name" + ''NUA'' "speak"). These verbs may be intransitive, with the incorporated noun acting as the true direct object, or transitive taking a new direct object, e.g. ''az ba burushigos da'' "he throws a spear", ''Furiko ba ni eng yata az ni ke xennua zu'' "my father calls me Furiko". | ||
* a '''verbal noun''' denoting the primary action or state of the verb, e.g. ''loging'' "sleep" (< ''lo'' "sleep, sleeping" + ''GING'' "do"), ''neilung'' "want, desire" (< ''nei'' "wanting, desire" + ''LUNG'' "have"). | |||
* an '''adjective''' to denote various senses of being or becoming the quality of the adjective, or to denote the subject's opinion depending on the verb used, ''furitoz'' "become white" (< ''furi'' "white" + ''TOZ'' "come"), ''onshi'' "like, approve" (< ''ong'' "good" + ''SHI'' "think, consider"). | |||
* | * an '''adverb''' indicating the method, direction or means of doing the action, e.g. ''wengeepii'' "walk" (< ''wenges'' "by foot" + ''BII'' "move"), ''laitekkibii'' "move quickly" (< ''laitekki'' "quickly" + ''BII''). | ||
* ''' | |||
* | |||
===Postpositions=== | ===Postpositions=== |