Is Burunking: Difference between revisions

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Burunking verbs are usually composed of two elements: the '''main verb''' which contains the semantic information and an '''auxiliary verb''' that contains most of the conjugation information. Verbs may be conjugated according to the following criteria:

* Tense: ~~present~~ or non-~~present~~

* Tense: past or non-past

* Mood: indicative, hypothetical, hortative, imperative

* Aspect: imperfective or perfective

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* an '''adjective''' to denote various senses of being or becoming the quality of the adjective, or to denote the subject's opinion depending on the verb used, ''furitoz'' "become white" (< ''furi'' "white" + ''TOZ'' "come"), ''onshi'' "like, approve" (< ''ong'' "good" + ''SHI'' "think, consider").

* an '''adverb''' indicating the method, direction or means of doing the action, e.g. ''wengeepii'' "walk" (< ''wenges'' "by foot" + ''BII'' "move"), ''laitekkibii'' "move quickly" (< ''laitekki'' "quickly" + ''BII'').

=====Perfective=====

Main verbs are considered to be imperfective, generally denoting incomplete or non-finite actions. In order to indicate a completed action the perfective suffix ''-i'' is added to the verb, e.g. ''yangi'' "ate", ''enaroi'' "molested", ''burushigoshi'' "threw a spear", ''ibiyi'' "moved".

====Auxiliary Verbs====

Auxiliary verbs carry most of the information regarding tense, mood and valency in the verb form. Each auxiliary is based on one of twelve particles, four intransitive, four transitive and four causative, to indicate past and non-past indicative, hypothetical and hortative moods. In addition, there is an imperative mood, created from the main verb alone. The table below indicates the particles with the primary uses.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Function !! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Causative !! Usage with Imperfective or Perfective (excl. Causative)

|-

| Non-Past|| ''da ''|| ''zu'' || ''dara'' || '''Impf:''' denotes an action ongoing at the time of speaking or a future, e.g. ''yang da'' "eats, is eating, will eat". <br/> '''Perf:''' denotes an action completed at the time of speaking, creating a near-past tense, e.g. ''yangi da'' "has eaten".

|-

| Past || ''heng'' || ''fong'' || ''herang'' || '''Impf:''' denotes an action ongoing at some past time (past progressive), e.g. ''yang heng'' "was eating" <br/> '''Perf:''' denotes an action completed at some past time (remote-past), e.g. ''yangi heng'' "had eaten".

|-

| Hypothetical || ''li'' || ''lu'' || ''lerai'' || '''Impf:''' denotes an ongoing hypothetical action, e.g. ''yang li'' "may be eating, may eat". <br/> '''Perf:''' denotes a completed hypothetical action, e.g. ''yangi li'' "may have eaten".

|-

| Hortative || ''bii'' || ''byo'' || ''berai'' || Used only with the '''Impf.''' to express a wish or an entreaty, e.g. ''yang bii'' "let's eat"

|-

| Imperative || -- || -- || -- || Used only with the '''Impf.''' to give a direct command, e.g. ''yang!'' "eat!"

|}

To these base particles, a number of prefixes may be added, in reverse order:

* The '''negative''' prefix is ''ei-'', which becomes ''-i-'' after another prefix and always causes a following ''d-'' or ''b-'' to devoice, e.g. ''yang eita'' "doesn't eat".

* The '''conditional''' prefix is ''ba-'', equivalent to "if" in English, e.g. ''yangi baheng'' "if he has eaten". The negative form is ''bai-'', e.g. ''baita'' "if it is not".

* The '''modal''' prefixes are:

** ''nei-'' denoting desire or wish to do something, e.g. ''yang neida'' "want to eat". The negative form is ''neiki-'', e.g. ''yang neikita'' "don't want to eat";

** ''nau-'' denoting ability or possibility, e.g. ''Inlanko ke eiranging nauzu'' "can read". The negative form is ''nawi-''.

** ''bez-'' denoting necessity, e.g. ''yang bedda'' "need to eat"

===Postpositions===

Is Burunking: Difference between revisions

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