Is Burunking/history: Difference between revisions

← Older edit

Is Burunking/history (view source)

Revision as of 10:33, 8 July 2021

1,822 bytes added , 8 July 2021

→‎Proto-Burunking

Psammead

803

edits

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 * Syllables could end with single ''l, r, n, s'' or complex ''ls, rs, ns''.
-Several early processes changed this situation:
+====Roots and Derivation====
-* Initial ''sp, sk, st'' and final ''ps, ks, ts'' became ''z'' [s] while ''s'' was [s̟].
+Proto-Burunking words consisted of a root, which usually took the form of a CVC, CVCV or CVCVC. Roots had no particular part of speech (though they were more commonly nominal or adjectival in their base form), and the inflexional morphology determined the semantics of a root. Vowel-final roots may take an extension, mainly ''-n, -, -r'' or ''-s'' which does not alter the meaning fundamentally.
-* ''h'' was lost leading to the development of long vowels and diphthongs. This initially appears to have occurred between a non-high vowel and a high vowel, leading to the development of ''ai, au, ei, eu, oi'' which were later monophthongised. After ''lh, nh, rh'' became ''ll, nn, rr''.
-* The syllable-final consonants ''l, n, r, s, z'' altered in word-final and pre-consonantal position, becoming ''i, ng, z, sh, s'' in the former and ''u, n, -, i, -'' in the latter.
-====New Vowels====
+Some common prefixes include:
-First h-loss:
+* ''*ha-'' to create nominals
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+* ''*he-'' to create a non-finite verb
-|-
+* ''*hi-'' a collective
-! width="50px;" | !! width="100px;" |  hi !! width="100px;" | hu
-|-
+Some common suffixes include:
-! a
+* ''-i'' past participle
-| ai > ɛː > ya || au > ɔː > ua
+* ''*-hi'' attributive
-|-
+* ''*-s'' creates nominals
-! e
-| ei > eː > ye || eu > oː > ue
-|-
-! i
-| ii || yu
-|-
-! o
-| oi > øː > yo || ou > oː > ue
-|-
-! u
-| ui || uu
-|}
-Second h-loss:
+===Chronology of Changes===
+* '''Initial Cluster simplification:''' initial ''sp, sk, st'' became ''s'' [s] while earlier ''s'' > ''sh'.
+** New ''s'' also develops after final ''l, n, r''.
+* '''''P'' becomes ''f'''''
+* '''H-loss:''' occurred in the following stages:
+** initially, leading to word-initial vowels (e.g. ''ha-'' > ''a-'')
+** after ''l, n, r'' which became ''L, N, R''
+** medially, giving rise to new long vowels and diphthongs:
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |-
-! width="50px;" | !! width="100px;" |  ha !! width="100px;" | he !! width="100px;" |  ho
+! width="50px;" | !! width="100px;" |  ha !! width="100px;" | he !! width="100px;" |  hi !! width="100px;" |  hu !! width="100px;" |  hu
 |-
 ! a
-| aa || ae > ai || ao > au
+| aa > a || ae > ee > e || ai || ao > oo > o || au
 |-
 ! e
-| ya || ee || eo > eu
+| ea > aa > a || ee > e || ei || eo > oo > o || eu
 |-
 ! i
-| ya || ye || yo
+| ya || ye || ii > i || yo || yu
 |-
 ! o
-| ua || ue || oo
+| oa > aa > a || oe > ee > e || oi || oo > o || ou
 |-
 ! u
-| ua || ue || uo
+| ua || ue || ui || uo || uu > u
 |}
+* '''Fortition of final consonants:''' ''l > L, n > N, r > R,'' (merging with existing ''L, N, R < lh, nh, rh''), and ''s > ts, s > tsh''
+** Strong consonants are retained in derived words between vowels but return to their weak counterparts before consonants
+* '''Changes to diphthongs:''' following the reduction of earlier long vowels, diphthongs become long vowels and then diphthongs:
+** ''ai > ɛː > ya''
+** ''au > ɔː > ua''
+** ''ei > eː > ye''
+** ''eu, ou > oː > ue''
+** ''oi > øː > yo''
+* '''Elimination of final clusters:'''
+** ''l'' is vocalised to ''u'' before all consonants leading to new diphthongs ''au, eu, yu, ou'' and long ''uu'', so ''Vlts > Vuts''
+** ''nts'' becomes ''ts''
+** ''rts'' becomes ''rVts''
+*** elsewhere within a root, ''rC'' > ''rVC'' (e.g. ''erdi > eredi'').
+* '''Vowel Raising:''' ''i'' and ''u'' raise ''a, e, o'' to ''e/o, i, u'' in a preceding vowel. This process is regressive so a new ''i'' or ''u'' raises the preceding vowel again, e.g. '' eredi > eridi > iridi''.
+* '''Lenition of medial ''s, sh'' to ''h, x'' and ''ts, tsh'' to ''s, sh'''''.
+** This creates new diphthongs and long vowels as ''VhC, VxC'' become ''VVC, ViC''.
+* '''N, L, R''' become ''ɲ, ʎ, ʐ'' then ''ng, i, z''.
+* '''Palatalization''' of ''t, d, s'' to ''ch, j, sh'' before ''i, y'' and ''n, l, r'' become ''ɲ, ʎ, ʐ'' then ''ng, i, z''.
+* '''Labialization''' of ''k, g, t, d, ng''  to ''p, b, s, z, m'' before ''u''.
+* '''Vowel Lowering:''' an ''a'' causes a preceding ''i, u'' to become ''e, o'', except where it is blocked by an intervening semivowel.
+* '''''r''C > CC'''
 Vowel affection:
@@ Line 104: / Line 118: @@
 |-
 ! o
-| || u ||
+| || u || u
 |-
 ! u
@@ Line 153: / Line 167: @@
 |-
 ! Final
-| colspan="9;" | || sh || s || ng || || i || || z ||
+| colspan="9;" | || sh || s ||  || ng ||  || i || || z
 |}
-===Chronology===
-# p > f, tz > s, ts > sh
-# Vowel affection
-# diphthong change
-# palatalisation
-# velarisation