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* Syllables could end with single ''l, r, n, s'' or complex ''ls, rs, ns''. | * Syllables could end with single ''l, r, n, s'' or complex ''ls, rs, ns''. | ||
====Roots and Derivation==== | |||
Proto-Burunking words consisted of a root, which usually took the form of a CVC, CVCV or CVCVC. Roots had no particular part of speech (though they were more commonly nominal or adjectival in their base form), and the inflexional morphology determined the semantics of a root. Vowel-final roots may take an extension, mainly ''-n, -, -r'' or ''-s'' which does not alter the meaning fundamentally. | |||
Some common prefixes include: | |||
* ''*ha-'' to create nominals | |||
* ''*he-'' to create a non-finite verb | |||
* ''*hi-'' a collective | |||
Some common suffixes include: | |||
* ''-i'' past participle | |||
* ''*-hi'' attributive | |||
* ''*-s'' creates nominals | |||
===Chronology of Changes=== | |||
* '''Initial Cluster simplification:''' initial ''sp, sk, st'' became ''s'' [s] while earlier ''s'' > ''sh'. | |||
** New ''s'' also develops after final ''l, n, r''. | |||
* '''''P'' becomes ''f''''' | |||
* '''H-loss:''' occurred in the following stages: | |||
** initially, leading to word-initial vowels (e.g. ''ha-'' > ''a-'') | |||
** after ''l, n, r'' which became ''L, N, R'' | |||
** medially, giving rise to new long vowels and diphthongs: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="50px;" | !! width="100px;" | ha !! width="100px;" | he !! width="100px;" | | ! width="50px;" | !! width="100px;" | ha !! width="100px;" | he !! width="100px;" | hi !! width="100px;" | hu !! width="100px;" | hu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! a | ! a | ||
| aa || ae > ai || ao > au | | aa > a || ae > ee > e || ai || ao > oo > o || au | ||
|- | |- | ||
! e | ! e | ||
| | | ea > aa > a || ee > e || ei || eo > oo > o || eu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! i | ! i | ||
| ya || ye || yo | | ya || ye || ii > i || yo || yu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! o | ! o | ||
| | | oa > aa > a || oe > ee > e || oi || oo > o || ou | ||
|- | |- | ||
! u | ! u | ||
| ua || ue || uo | | ua || ue || ui || uo || uu > u | ||
|} | |} | ||
* '''Fortition of final consonants:''' ''l > L, n > N, r > R,'' (merging with existing ''L, N, R < lh, nh, rh''), and ''s > ts, s > tsh'' | |||
** Strong consonants are retained in derived words between vowels but return to their weak counterparts before consonants | |||
* '''Changes to diphthongs:''' following the reduction of earlier long vowels, diphthongs become long vowels and then diphthongs: | |||
** ''ai > ɛː > ya'' | |||
** ''au > ɔː > ua'' | |||
** ''ei > eː > ye'' | |||
** ''eu, ou > oː > ue'' | |||
** ''oi > øː > yo'' | |||
* '''Elimination of final clusters:''' | |||
** ''l'' is vocalised to ''u'' before all consonants leading to new diphthongs ''au, eu, yu, ou'' and long ''uu'', so ''Vlts > Vuts'' | |||
** ''nts'' becomes ''ts'' | |||
** ''rts'' becomes ''rVts'' | |||
*** elsewhere within a root, ''rC'' > ''rVC'' (e.g. ''erdi > eredi''). | |||
* '''Vowel Raising:''' ''i'' and ''u'' raise ''a, e, o'' to ''e/o, i, u'' in a preceding vowel. This process is regressive so a new ''i'' or ''u'' raises the preceding vowel again, e.g. '' eredi > eridi > iridi''. | |||
* '''Lenition of medial ''s, sh'' to ''h, x'' and ''ts, tsh'' to ''s, sh'''''. | |||
** This creates new diphthongs and long vowels as ''VhC, VxC'' become ''VVC, ViC''. | |||
* '''N, L, R''' become ''ɲ, ʎ, ʐ'' then ''ng, i, z''. | |||
* '''Palatalization''' of ''t, d, s'' to ''ch, j, sh'' before ''i, y'' and ''n, l, r'' become ''ɲ, ʎ, ʐ'' then ''ng, i, z''. | |||
* '''Labialization''' of ''k, g, t, d, ng'' to ''p, b, s, z, m'' before ''u''. | |||
* '''Vowel Lowering:''' an ''a'' causes a preceding ''i, u'' to become ''e, o'', except where it is blocked by an intervening semivowel. | |||
* '''''r''C > CC''' | |||
Vowel affection: | Vowel affection: | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! o | ! o | ||
| || u || | | || u || u | ||
|- | |- | ||
! u | ! u | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Final | ! Final | ||
| colspan="9;" | || sh || s || ng || || i || || z | | colspan="9;" | || sh || s || || ng || || i || || z | ||
|} | |} | ||
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