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===Syllables===
===Syllables===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="90%;"
|-
! !! !! p !! b !! t !! d !! k !! g !! x !! h !! sh !! s || n !! N !! l !! L !! r !! R
|-
! a
| a || fa || ba || ta || da || ka || ga || xa || ha || sha || sa || na || nga || la || ya || ra || za
|-
! e
| e || fe || be || te || de || ke || ge || xe || he || she || se || ne || nge || le || ye || re || ze
|-
! o
| o || fo || bo || to || do || ko || go || xo || ho || sho || so || no || ngo || lo || yo || ro || zo
|-
! i
| i || fi || bi || chi || ji || ki || gi || colspan="2;" | xi || colspan="2;" | shi ||  ni || ngi || li || yi || ri || zi
|-
! ya
| colspan="2;" | ya || bya || cha || ja || kya || gya || colspan="2;" | xa || colspan="2;" | sha || colspan="2;" | nga || colspan="2;" | ya || colspan="2;" | za
|-
! ye
| colspan="2;" | ye || bye || che || je || kye || gye || colspan="2;" | xe || colspan="2;" | she || colspan="2;" | nge || colspan="2;" | ye || colspan="2;" | ze
|-
! yo
| colspan="2;" | yo || byo || cho || jo || kyo || gyo || colspan="2;" | xo || colspan="2;" | sho || colspan="2;" | ngo || colspan="2;" | yo || colspan="2;" | zo
|-
! u
| u || fu || bu || su || zu || pu || bu || xu || fu || shu || su || nu || mu || lu || yu || ru || zu
|-
! ua
| ua || fua || bua || sua || zua || pua || bua || xua || fa || shua || sua || nua || mua || lua || yua || rua || zua
|-
! ue
| ue || fue || bue || sue || zue || pue || bue || xue || fe || shue || sue || nue || mue || lue || yue || rue || zue
|-
! uo
| uo || fuo || buo || suo || zuo || puo || buo || xuo || fo || shuo || suo || nuo || muo || luo || yuo || ruo || zuo
|-
! +C
| colspan="9;" | || iC<sup><small>VL</small></sup> || :C<sup><small>VL</small></sup> || nC, mC || || uC || || CC ||
|-
! Final
| colspan="9;" | || sh || s || ng || || i || || z ||
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="90%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="90%;"
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| colspan="4;" | || s || sh || ng || i || z || colspan="8;" |
| colspan="4;" | || s || sh || ng || i || z || colspan="8;" |
|}
|}


===Chronology===
===Chronology===

Revision as of 08:08, 8 July 2021

Proto-Burunking

Consonants

Nasal m [m] n [n]
Aspirated Stop p [pʰ] t [tʰ] k [kʰ]
Unaspirated Stop b [b] d [d] g [g]
Fricative s [s] h [h]
Liquid l [l]
r [r]

Vowels

High i [i] u [u]
Mid e [e] o [o]
Low a [a]

Phonotactics

In the earliest period the minimal syllable structure was a single vowel. The maximal structure was:

sC1VC2s
  • Syllables could begin with any single consonant or sp, sk, st.
  • V could be any vowel.
  • Syllables could end with single l, r, n, s or complex ls, rs, ns.

Several early processes changed this situation:

  • Initial sp, sk, st and final ps, ks, ts became z [s] while s was [s̟].
  • h was lost leading to the development of long vowels and diphthongs. This initially appears to have occurred between a non-high vowel and a high vowel, leading to the development of ai, au, ei, eu, oi which were later monophthongised. After lh, nh, rh became ll, nn, rr.
  • The syllable-final consonants l, n, r, s, z altered in word-final and pre-consonantal position, becoming i, ng, z, sh, s in the former and u, n, -, i, - in the latter.

New Vowels

First h-loss:

hi hu
a ai > ɛː > ya au > ɔː > ua
e ei > eː > ye eu > oː > ue
i ii yu
o oi > øː > yo ou > oː > ue
u ui uu

Second h-loss:

ha he ho
a aa ae > ai ao > au
e ya ee eo > eu
i ya ye yo
o ua ue oo
u ua ue uo

Vowel affection:

_a _i _u
a e o
e i
i e
o u
u o

Syllables

p b t d k g x h sh s n N l L r R
a a fa ba ta da ka ga xa ha sha sa na nga la ya ra za
e e fe be te de ke ge xe he she se ne nge le ye re ze
o o fo bo to do ko go xo ho sho so no ngo lo yo ro zo
i i fi bi chi ji ki gi xi shi ni ngi li yi ri zi
ya ya bya cha ja kya gya xa sha nga ya za
ye ye bye che je kye gye xe she nge ye ze
yo yo byo cho jo kyo gyo xo sho ngo yo zo
u u fu bu su zu pu bu xu fu shu su nu mu lu yu ru zu
ua ua fua bua sua zua pua bua xua fa shua sua nua mua lua yua rua zua
ue ue fue bue sue zue pue bue xue fe shue sue nue mue lue yue rue zue
uo uo fuo buo suo zuo puo buo xuo fo shuo suo nuo muo luo yuo ruo zuo
+C iCVL :CVL nC, mC uC CC
Final sh s ng i z
Ø Fortis Lenis
p t k tz ts N L R b d g z s n l r
a a fa ta ka sa sha nga ya za ba da ga ha xa na la ra
e e fe te ke se she nge ye ze be de ge he xe ne le re
o o fo to ko so sho ngo yo zo bo do go ho xo no lo ro
i i fi chi ki shi ngi yi zi bi ji gi xi ni li ri
ai ya cha kya sha nga ya za bya ja gya xa nga ya za
ei ye che kye she nge ye ze bye je gye xe nge ye ze
eu yo cho kyo sho ngo yo zo byo jo gyo xo ngo yo zo
u u fu su pu su shu mu yu zu bu zu bu fu xu nu lu ru
au ua fa sua pa sua shua ma yua zua bua zua ba fa nua lua rua
oi ue fe sue pe sue shue me yue zue bue zue be fe nue lue rue
+C VVCVL ViCVL n, m u rV
Fin. s sh ng i z

Chronology

  1. p > f, tz > s, ts > sh
  2. Vowel affection
  3. diphthong change
  4. palatalisation
  5. velarisation