4,735
edits
Jalaia: Difference between revisions
m
Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"
Chrysophylax (talk | contribs) m (Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages") |
|||
| (6 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) | |||
| Line 190: | Line 190: | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns are a highly used aspect of Jalaia, and are used as both nouns and adjectives. | Nouns are a highly used aspect of Jalaia, and are used as both nouns and adjectives. There are two grammatical numbers, singular and plural. | ||
There are five different classes of nouns: rounded open, unrounded open, rounded closed, unrounded closed, neutral open and neutral closed. Open syllables are syllables that end on vowels, whilst closed syllables end on consonants; rounded and unrounded focuses on the vowels in the word, whereby neutral words only have the neutral letters /e/ and /i/. | |||
====Number==== | |||
Nouns have two different numbers, dual and plural. Use of the dual is optional, although it has persisted in several archaic expressions, e.g. "lijusti" (the suns) and "eskiai" (breasts, on a single person). | |||
The dual number is formed by adding the suffix -i to a noun. If the noun is governed by cases, the suffix comes after the suffixes for the cases in question. When the suffix comes after a consonant, it morphs into -ti. | |||
The plural number is formed by adding the suffix -t to a noun. If the noun is governed by cases, the suffix comes after the suffixes for the cases in question. If the suffix comes after a /t/, it morphs into -te. | |||
====Cases==== | |||
Grammatical cases are added to the end of a noun and reflect the situation that one is in. It is possible to use multiple cases on a single noun, but those cases cannot be of the same class (i.e. grammatical, essive, marginal). In cases where the suffix used for a case contains a vowel that is subject to vowel harmonization, this vowel will reflect the roundedness or unroundedness of the words it is attached to. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Jalaian cases | |||
|- | |||
! Case !! Suffix !! English prep. !! Example !! Translation | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Grammatical | |||
|- | |||
| nominative || - || - || teola || house | |||
|- | |||
| genitive | |||
| -(e)m || of / 's, when used in reference to another noun adjectival indicator|| teolam || of (a) house / house's | |||
|- | |||
| accusative || -(e)n || - || teolan || house | |||
|- | |||
| partitive | |||
| -(e)jje || - || teolajje || house (as an object) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (internal) | |||
|- | |||
| inessive || -iaa/-iää || in || teolaiaa || in (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| elative || -ie/-iee || from (inside) || teolaie || from (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| illative || -iuu/-iyy || into || teolaiuu || into (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| prolative || -(i)kka/-(i)kkä || through || teolakka || through the house | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (external) | |||
|- | |||
| adessive || -(i)ka/-(i)kä || at, on, around || teolaka || at (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| ablative || -(e)tta/-(e)ttä || from || teolatta || from (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| allative || -(i)mma/-(i)mmä || to || teolamma || to (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| apudessive || -(i)ko/-(i)kö || next to || teolako || next to (a) house | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Essive | |||
|- | |||
| essive || -(e)ssa/-(e)ssä || as || teolassa || as a house | |||
|- | |||
| exessive || -ioo/-iöö || from being || teolaioo || from being a house | |||
|- | |||
| antessive || -(e)sso/-(e)ssö || prior to (being) ||teolasso || prior to being a house | |||
|- | |||
| final || -esse || end (of), meant for || teolaesse || meant for the house | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Superlative | |||
|- | |||
| lative || -(e)lla/-(e)llä || more [adjective]/-er || teolalla || more homely | |||
|- | |||
| superlative || -(e)llu/-(e)lly || most [adjective]/-est || teolallu || most homely | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Marginal | |||
|- | |||
| instrumental || -(i)jja/-(e)jjä|| with (the aid of) || teolajja || with the house | |||
|- | |||
| comitative || -sta/-stä || together (with) || teolasta || with the house | |||
|- | |||
| temporal || -(i)kko/-(i)kkö || during || teolakko || during (the existence of a) house | |||
|- | |||
| intrative || -itta/-ittä || (in) between || teolaitta || in between the houses* | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Vocative | |||
|- | |||
| vocative || -iu/-iy || exclamation, emphasis || teolaiu! || house! | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | * This is an automatic plural. | |||
|} | |||
An example word would be: | |||
: "neöttessälejjeiyyssäkköiy!" | |||
: "neöttessäl-ejje-iyy-ssä-kkö-iy" | |||
: "relationship-PARTITIVE-ILLATIVE-ESSIVE-TEMPORAL-VOCATIVE" | |||
: "like going into a certain aspect of an ongoing relationship!" | |||
===Morphology=== | ===Morphology=== | ||
| Line 210: | Line 300: | ||
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||