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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{{as-pagebox}}
The Tsani inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost people in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
 
The following is a Tsani inventory of consonants, according to Émile d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. It mostly differs from others models in terms of orthography, but also in analysing the sequence {{sc|plosive}} + {{sc|labio-velar approximant}} as phonemic ejectives.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Asaari consonants'''
|+'''d'Ivoire model'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
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| colspan="2"|'''tu '''/tʼ/
| colspan="2"|'''tu '''/tʼ/
|
|
| colspan="2" | '''gu '''/cʼ ~ qʼ/
| colspan="2" | '''qu '''/cʼ ~ qʼ/
|
|
|-
|-
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| colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/
| colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/
|
|
| colspan="2" |'''g''' /c ~ q/
| colspan="2" |'''q''' /c ~ q/
|''' h ''' /ʔ/
|''' h ''' /ʔ/
|-
|-
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|
|
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Tsan has four main vowels, /a/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/ and /ɛ/. All the vowels can be tonic. The tones may change the vowels' qualities and articulation; see [[Tsan#Tonic register|Tonic register]]. Vowels may be long or short, with exception for /ʊ/. Long vowels are written twice in the native orthography.
D'Ivoire also re-analysed and standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align:center"
|+'''Tsan vowels'''


Tsan has four main vowels, /a/, /i/, /u/ and /ɛ/. All vowels can be long, in which case they are written with an acute accent.
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
|-
!
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|


! Front
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 9%; width: 1em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 1.2em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>


! Near-front
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->


! Central
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<!-- <div style="position: absolute; left: 18%; width: 1.3em; top: 30%; background: white;">ø</div> -->
<!-- <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">ɤ · o</div> -->


! Near-back
<!-- MID VOWELS -->


! Back
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
|-
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 2.5em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div>
! Close


|
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->


|
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 66%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
|
|}
 
</div></div>
|
|-
 
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
|-
!Near-close
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
 
|
 
|'''i''' /ɪ/
 
|
 
|'''u''' /ʊ/
 
|
 
|-
|-
!Close-mid
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|-
|-
!Mid
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em">''Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.</div>


|


|
===Diphthongs===
There are eleven [[w:diphthongs|diphthongs]] according to most analyses. These are /aj/, /ɛj/, /uj/, /ja/, /jɛ/, /ju/, /aw/, /ɛw/, /wa/, /wi/ and /wɛ/.


|
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
 
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
 
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
|
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
|-
!Open-mid
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
 
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Diphthongs-Ts.png|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
|'''e''' /ɛ/
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|-
|-
!Near-open
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|


|
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 9%; width: 1em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 1.2em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>


|
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->


|
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<!-- <div style="position: absolute; left: 18%; width: 1.3em; top: 30%; background: white;">ø</div> -->
<!-- <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">ɤ · o</div> -->


|
<!-- MID VOWELS -->


|
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
|-
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 2.5em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div>
!Open
 
|'''a''' /a/


|
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->


|
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 66%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
|
 
|
|}
|}
 
</div></div>
===Diphthongs, or long vowels===
|-
There are four so called "'''diphthongs'''" in the language. This is however merely a traditional name, as the diphthongs have long since collapsed into '''long vowels'''. Originally, these were diphthongs later assimilated by the non-glide element.
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center"
|+'''Tsan vowels and diphthongs'''
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Short vowels
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
 
|-
|-
 
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|'''i''' /ɪ/
 
|'''e''' /ɛ/
 
|'''a''' /a/
|'''u''' /ʊ/
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Long vowels
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
|-
|'''ii''' /ɪː/
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
 
|'''ee''' /ɛː/
 
|'''aa''' /aː/
 
|'''uu''' /ʊː/
 
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em">''Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.</div>


===Vowels and pitch accent===
: ''For more information see: [[Asaari#Tonic register|Tonic register]]''
There are three phonemic [[w:tone|tone]]s in Lha asáari, the '''high''', '''medium''', or '''default''', and the '''low''' tone. The tones have immense effects on the qualities of the vowels.
*Short and long vowels with the high tone are pronounced with a glottal closure, that is, a coda glottal stop, /ʔ/. The long vowels are diphthongised - this is the sole trace of the homogeneous diphthongs.
*Low tone vowels are nasalised. This nasalisation is phonetically marked with a superscript minuscule "n", so that the nasalisation marking does not coincide with the tone diacritics.


===Phonological processes===
===Phonological processes===
Apart from the low tone vowels being nasalised, and the diphthongs collapsing into long vowels, Tsan has a few other compulsory phonological changes.
====Emphatic consonants====
====Emphatic consonants====
The term '''emphatic''' is a controversial one but refers to a certain form of assimilation in the Tsan language. Following high tone vowels, fricative consonants and /ʁ/ change their pronunciation.
The term '''emphatic''' is a controversial one, introduced by Crossing, but refers to a certain form of assimilation in the Tsani language. Following long vowels, fricative consonants and /r/ change their pronunciation.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center"
|+'''Asaari emphatics and finals'''
|+'''Tsani emphatics and finals'''
|-
|-
! colspan="8"|Phonological changes
! colspan="8"|Phonological changes
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|/ʔ/
|/ʔ/


|/ʁ ~ ʀ/
|/r ~ ʁ ~ ʀ/


|-
|-
Line 345: Line 316:


====Unreleased consonants====
====Unreleased consonants====
When in coda position of a word, consonants are pronounced with [[w:no audible release|no audible release]]. This applies to all oral occlusives, or plosives. Ejective plosives are never found in final position and thus never unreleased.
When in coda position of a word, consonants are pronounced with [[w:no audible release|no audible release]]. This applies to all oral occlusives, or plosives. Ejective plosives are never found in final position and thus never unreleased. D'Ivoir observed a tendency for final occlusive consonants to be fricativised in certain dialects. He did not want to go as far as to call it phonemic, however.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 350px; text-align:center"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 350px; text-align:center"
|+'''Asaari finals'''
|+'''Tsani final occlusives'''
|-
|-
! colspan="8"|Phonological changes
! colspan="8"|Phonological changes
Line 358: Line 329:
!t
!t


!g
!q


|-
|-
Line 382: Line 353:


===Suprasegmentals===
===Suprasegmentals===
====Tonic accent====
====Stress====
: ''See also: [[Asaari/Sound changes]]''
 
Tsan uses a a system of '''tonic accent''', or [[w:pitch accent|pitch accent]]. A tonic accent is different to stress accent in that the prominent syllable in the word is distinguished by [[w:tone|tone]] rather than volume. The tonic accent is also different to a purely tonal system in that the number of tonal syllables in a word is limited.
 
In Tsan , there is at most one tonic syllable in a word. The position of the tonic syllable determines the tonal pattern of the whole word. The distinction is binary, that is, a tonic syllable may be either high or low.
 
The [[Proto-Tanisi]] language, PT, had a moraic stress system, where the first heavy was stressed. In Tsan , this is largely irrelevant. Instead, depending on which syllable had a voiceless plosive or a nasal coda, the syllable became tonic. Syllables with a plosive coda got a high pitch, and nasal codas got a low pitch. The low pitch is marked with a [[w:grave accent|grave accent]] and the high one with an [[w:acute accent|acute accent]].
 
*For example, the PT word {{sc|hagiakis}} */ha.'gjakis/ recieved a high pitch on the second syllable when Tsan developed.
**{{sc|hagiakis}} /ha.'gjakis/ > '''ayáah''' /ajáːʔ/ - ''yellow''
*The word {{sc|tiana}} */'tjan.a/ on the other hand got a low pitch.
** {{sc|tiana}} /'tjan.a/ > '''tsà''' /tsà/ - ''hell''
 
In PT words where there were both nasal codas and plosive codas, the high tone gets prominence. The low tone is still marked, however.
*An example is the Proto-Tanisi word {{sc|satram}} */'satram/, where the low pitch is omitted.
** {{sc|satram}} /'satram/ > '''sárà''' /sáɣa/ - ''hollow''
 
Proto-Tanisi words and syllable structure has deteriorated to become Tsan, thus giving rise to a multitude of minimal pairs. The following table gives an overview over the misunderstandings that could arise if the wrong pitch is chosen.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center"
|+'''Minimal pairs of tonic accent'''
!Without diacritics
! colspan="2"|High
! colspan="2"| Low
! colspan="2"|Accentless
|-
! colspan="7"|First syllable
|-
|''tsa''
|/tsá/||language
|/tsà/||hell||/tsa/
|who
|-
|''ayaa''
|/ájaː/||oyster
|/àjaː/||oh, right!||/ajaː/
|fish
|-
|''mati''
|/máti/||work
|/màti/||sad|| -
| -
|-
! colspan="7"|Second syllable
|-
|''ayaah''
|/ajáː/||yellow
|/ajàː/||lamp||/ajaː/
|fish
|-
|''mati''
|/matí/||big
|/matì/||morning paper|| -
| -
|}
 
=====Compunding=====
A word may have only one tonic syllable per word. This is not the case of compund words or when affixes added, however.
 
=====Tonic influence=====
Syllables adjacent to pitched syllables are not completely accentless. Instead, they are affected by the nearby tonic accent.
 
=====Tonic register=====
The [[Proto-Tanisi]] language, had a regular [[w:moraic stress| moraic stress system]] which degenerated as the Tsan system evolved. The Proto-Tanisi language stressed the third mora, but in the Tsan language much of the tonic accent is affected by so called '''glottal''' and '''nasal''' syllables.
 
The Tsan tonic accent distinguishes high and low tone. These arose due to [[w:nasalisation|nasalised]] syllables and syllables with a [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]] coda in the Proto-Tanisi language. Today, these are part of a [[w:register (linguistics)|register]], where high pitch syllables get a glottal closure, and low pitch syllables are nasalised.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center"
|+'''Tsan tonic register'''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
 
! colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Simple
 
! colspan="1" rowspan="4"|
 
! colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Long
|-
! rowspan="3"| Quality
! No pitch
 
|'''i''' /ɪ/
 
|'''e''' /ɛ/
 
|'''a''' /a/
 
|'''u''' /ʊ/
 
|'''ii''' /ɪː/
 
|'''ee''' /ɛː/
 
|'''aa''' /aː/
 
|'''u''' /ʊː/
 
|-
!High pitch
 
|'''í''' /ɪ́ʔ/
 
|'''é''' /ɛ́ʔ/
 
|'''á''' /áʔ/
 
|'''ú''' /ʊ́ʔ/
 
|'''íi''' /ɪ́͜ɨʔ/
 
|'''ée''' /ɛ́͜əʔ/
 
|'''áa''' /á͜ɑʔ/
 
|'''úu''' /ʊ͜ɔ́ʔ/
|-
!Low pitch
 
|'''ì''' /ɨ̀ⁿ/
 
|'''è''' /ɛ̀ⁿ/
 
|'''à''' /ɑ̀ⁿ/
 
|'''ù''' /ʊ̀ⁿ/
 
|'''ìi''' /ìⁿː/
 
|'''èe''' /ɛ̀ⁿː/
 
|'''àa''' /ɑ̀ⁿː/
 
|'''ùu''' /ʊ̀ⁿː/
|-
|}
 
====Prosody====


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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