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Kandi: Difference between revisions
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====Debuccalisation of nasal stops==== | |||
::''In the old language, vowels preceding nasals were mandatorily nasalised, which influencing their modern articulation in manners close to what occurs in French.'' | |||
::''An unprecedented change in the language is the apparent debuccalisation of the nasal stops, that is, «m» /m/ and «n» /n/. In the language, these phonemes have been completely lost in all but the word initial positions. The nasal stops are debuccalised into a ''coup de glotte'', [ʔ] intervocalically. The glottal stop is deleted in word final and pre-consonantal positions.'' | |||
Émile does not represent the nasalisation and debuccalisation in his transcription of the language. Other linguists prefer to analyse the process as a nasalisation of the preceding vowels, after which the nasals are lost. They claim the glottal stop is a consequence of diaeresis. D'Ivoire defends his assertion by pointing out the widespread glottalisation of intervocalic stops. | |||
There is also notable discussion concerning Émile's terminology, since ''debuccalisation'' is a term reserved for oral stops. Some consider the process a denasalisation, followed by a debuccalisation. This is however, no record of any intermediary stages. | |||
{{gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = kshin | |||
|IPA = /kɕin/ → [kɕẽ] | |||
| morphemes = kshin-∅ | |||
| gloss = long.N-3SG.PROX.HO | |||
| translation = It is long. | |||
| index = 1 | |||
}}{{gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = transhi | |||
|IPA = /tranɕi/ → [tʀɑ̃ɕi] | |||
| morphemes = transhi-∅ | |||
| gloss = mouth.N-3SG.PROX.HO | |||
| translation = It is a mouth. | |||
| index = 2 | |||
}}{{gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = ksuma | |||
|IPA = /ksuma/ → [ksũʔa] | |||
| morphemes = ksuma-∅ | |||
| gloss = belly.N-3SG.PROX.HO | |||
| translation = It is a belly. | |||
| index = 3 | |||
}} | |||
====Allophony of the velar approximant==== | |||
The velar approximant '''w''' /ɰ/ is a particularly elusive phoneme, and is subject to a great deal of allophony. Émile d'Ivoire describes this phoneme as highly variable in the language. | |||
:''The semi-consonant commonly analysed as a velar approximant, is a true ''caméléon'' and has an impressive four different allophones, depending on the following vowel. Whilst historically analysed as purely velar, my research finds that it is variously labialised into [w], bilabialised as [β̞], and palatalised into [j]. The pure velar approximant [ɰ] also occurs.'' | |||
He goes on to describe the environments triggering the allophony. | |||
:''The labialised velar [w] occurs when adjacent to the mid back rounded vowel '''o''' /o̞/, the bilabial approximant [β̞] is produced near the close back rounded vowel '''u''' /u/, and the palatal approximant '''y''' [j] is produced when adjacent to the close front unrounded vowel '''i''' /j/. Finally [ɰ] is used with the open back unrounded vowel '''a''' /a/.'' | |||
The conditions are the following: | |||
*ɰ > {w, β̞, j, ɰ} / _ {o̞, u, i a}C | |||
*ɰ > {w, β̞, j, ɰ} / {o̞, u, i a}_C | |||
Additionally, [w, β̞, ɰ] occur in the so called diphthongs and long diphthongs, namely '''á''', '''áa''', '''ú''', '''úu''', '''ó''' and '''óo''', with their associated vowels. When a diphthong precedes a nasal, the nasal is lost. | |||
{{gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = wínda | |||
|IPA = /ɰiːntʼa/ → [jiːntʼa] | |||
| morphemes = wínda-∅ | |||
| gloss = hearing.N-3SG.PROX.HO | |||
| translation = It is an ear. (''arch.'') | |||
| index = 4 | |||
}}{{gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = wawukí | |||
|IPA = /ɰaɰukiː/ → [ɰaβ̞ukiɨ̯] | |||
| morphemes = w-a-wu-k-í | |||
| gloss = 1.DYN-HE-seeing-2.STAT-HE | |||
| translation = I see you. | |||
| index = 5 | |||
}}{{gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = thúri | |||
|IPA = /θuːri/ → [θuβ̞ʀi] | |||
| morphemes = thúri-∅ | |||
| gloss = woman.F-3SG.PROX.HO | |||
| translation = It is woman. (''arch.'') | |||
| index = 6 | |||
}}{{gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = kúusi | |||
|IPA = /kuːːsi/ → [kuːβ̞si] | |||
| morphemes = kúusi-∅ | |||
| gloss = sadness.N-3SG.PROX.HO | |||
| translation = It is sadness. | |||
| index = 7 | |||
}} | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
D'Ivoire | D'Ivoire standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language. He divided the four primary vowels into two categories, ''nasal'' and ''oral'', these were in divided by length, granting ''short'', ''long'', ''diphthong'' and ''long diphthong'' vowels. It is important to note that in the modern language, the so called diphthongs are not realised as diphthongs at all, but rather a closed VC syllable. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
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!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>diphthong</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>diphthong</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |''i'' | ! style="" |''i'' | ||
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| '''in''' [ẽ] | | '''in''' [ẽ] | ||
| '''iin''' [ẽ:] | | '''iin''' [ẽ:] | ||
| '''ín''' [ | | '''ín''' [iːn] | ||
| - | | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||