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Kandi: Difference between revisions
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The Kandi inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost scholars in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages. This page uses a standard notation where C is a consonant, N a nasal consonant, and V is a vowel. Features are indicated by square brackets [ ] and plus or minus signs, ±. | The Kandi inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost scholars in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages. This page uses a standard notation where C is a consonant, N a nasal consonant, and V is a vowel. Features are indicated by square brackets [ ] and plus or minus signs, ±. | ||
===Phonemic inventory of vowels and consonants=== | ===Phonemic inventory of vowels and consonants=== | ||
The following is a | The following is a Kandi inventory of consonants, as analysed d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''b''' / | | '''b''' /b/ | ||
| colspan="2"| '''d''' / | | colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''g''' / | | '''g''' /g/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Affricates | ! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Affricates | ||
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! colspan="2"|Fricatives | ! colspan="2"|Fricatives | ||
| | | | ||
|'''th | |'''th''' /θ/ | ||
|'''s''' /s/ | |'''s''' /s/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''š '''/ɕ/ · '''y''' /ʝ/ | |'''š '''/ɕ/ · '''y''' /ʝ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| '''h''' /h/ | | '''h''' /h/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|'''l''' /l/ | |'''l''' /l/ | ||
| | | | ||
| '''w''' / | | '''w''' /w/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills | ! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills | ||
| | | | ||
|colspan="5"|'''r''' /ʀ ~ r/ | |colspan="5"|'''r''' /ʀ~r/ | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
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D'Ivoire standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language. He divided the four primary vowels into four categories by length; granting ''short'', ''long'', ''diphthong'' and ''long diphthong'' vowels. It is important to note that in the modern language, the so called diphthongs are not realised as diphthongs at all, but rather a closed VC syllable. | D'Ivoire standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language. He divided the four primary vowels into four categories by length; granting ''short'', ''long'', ''diphthong'' and ''long diphthong'' vowels. It is important to note that in the modern language, the so called diphthongs are not realised as diphthongs at all, but rather a closed VC syllable. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''' | |+ '''d'Ivoire model''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 45px; "| | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close front unrounded | ! style="" |Close front unrounded | ||
| '''i''' /i/ | | '''i''' /i/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ī''' /iː/ [iː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open back unrounded | ! style="" |Open back unrounded | ||
| '''a''' /a/ | | '''a''' /a/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ā''' /aː/ [ɔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close back rounded | ! style="" |Close back rounded | ||
|'''u''' /u/ | |'''u''' /u/ | ||
|''' | |'''ū''' /uː/ [u͜β̞] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||