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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| The Kandi inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost scholars in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages. This page uses a standard notation where C is a consonant, N a nasal consonant, and V is a vowel. Features are indicated by square brackets [ ] and plus or minus signs, ±. | | The Kandi inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost scholar in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire. This page uses a standard notation where C is a consonant, N a nasal consonant, and V is a vowel. Features are indicated by square brackets [ ] and plus or minus signs, ±. Phonemic sounds are marked with slash brackets / / and more deeply analysed sounds are marked with square brackets [ ]. |
| ===Phonemic inventory of vowels and consonants=== | | ===Phonemic inventory of vowels and consonants=== |
| The following is the Kandi inventory of consonants, as analysed by d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. | | The following is the Kandi inventory of consonants, as analysed by d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. |
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| |'''u''' /u/ | | |'''u''' /u/ |
| |'''ū''' /uː/ [u͜β̞] | | |'''ū''' /uː/ [u͜β̞] |
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| |}
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| ====Debuccalisation of nasal stops====
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| ::''In the old language, vowels preceding nasals were mandatorily nasalised, which influencing their modern articulation in manners close to what occurs in French.''
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| ::''An unprecedented change in the language is the apparent debuccalisation of the nasal stops, that is, «m» /m/ and «n» /n/. In the language, these phonemes have been completely lost in all but the word initial positions. The nasal stops are debuccalised into a ''coup de glotte'', [ʔ] intervocalically. The glottal stop is deleted in word final and pre-consonantal positions.''
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| Émile does not represent the nasalisation and debuccalisation in his transcription of the language. Other linguists prefer to analyse the process as a nasalisation of the preceding vowels, after which the nasals are lost. They claim the glottal stop is a consequence of diaeresis. D'Ivoire defends his assertion by pointing out the widespread glottalisation of intervocalic stops.
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| There is also notable discussion concerning Émile's terminology, since ''debuccalisation'' is a term reserved for oral stops. Some consider the process a denasalisation, followed by a debuccalisation. This is however, no record of any intermediary stages.
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| {{gloss/indexable
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| |phrase = kshin
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| |IPA = /kɕin/ → [kɕẽ]
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| | morphemes = kshin-∅
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| | gloss = long.N-3SG.PROX.HO
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| | translation = It is long.
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| | index = 1
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| }}{{gloss/indexable
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| |phrase = transhi
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| |IPA = /tranɕi/ → [tʀɑ̃ɕi]
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| | morphemes = transhi-∅
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| | gloss = mouth.N-3SG.PROX.HO
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| | translation = It is a mouth.
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| | index = 2
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| }}{{gloss/indexable
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| |phrase = ksuma
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| |IPA = /ksuma/ → [ksũʔa]
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| | morphemes = ksuma-∅
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| | gloss = belly.N-3SG.PROX.HO
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| | translation = It is a belly.
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| | index = 3
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| }}
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| ====Allophony of the velar approximant====
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| The velar approximant '''w''' /ɰ/ is a particularly elusive phoneme, and is subject to a great deal of allophony. Émile d'Ivoire describes this phoneme as highly variable in the language.
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| :''The semi-consonant commonly analysed as a velar approximant, is a true ''caméléon'' and has three different allophones, depending on the following vowel. Whilst historically analysed as purely velar, my research finds that it is variously bilabialised as [β̞] or palatalised into [j]. The pure velar approximant [ɰ] also occurs.''
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| He goes on to describe the environments triggering the allophony.
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| :''The bilabial approximant [β̞] is produced near the close back rounded vowel '''u''' /u/, and the palatal approximant '''y''' [j] is produced when adjacent to the close front unrounded vowel '''i''' /j/. Finally [ɰ] is used with the open back unrounded vowel '''a''' /a/.''
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| The conditions are the following:
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| *ɰ > {β̞, j, ɰ} / _ {u, i a}C
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| *ɰ > {β̞, j, ɰ} / {u, i a}_C
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| Additionally, [w, β̞, ɰ] occur in the so called diphthongs and long diphthongs, namely '''á''', '''áa''', '''ú''', and '''úu''', with their associated vowels. When a diphthong precedes a nasal, the nasal is lost.
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| {{gloss/indexable
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| |phrase = wínda
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| |IPA = /ɰiːntʼa/ → [jiːntʼa]
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| | morphemes = wínda-∅
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| | gloss = hearing.N-3SG.PROX.HO
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| | translation = It is an ear. (''arch.'')
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| | index = 4
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| }}{{gloss/indexable
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| |phrase = wawukí
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| |IPA = /ɰaɰukiː/ → [ɰaβ̞ukiɨ̯]
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| | morphemes = w-a-wu-k-í
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| | gloss = 1.DYN-HE-seeing-2.STAT-HE
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| | translation = I see you.
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| | index = 5
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| }}{{gloss/indexable
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| |phrase = thúri
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| |IPA = /θuːri/ → [θuβ̞ʀi]
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| | morphemes = thúri-∅
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| | gloss = woman.F-3SG.PROX.HO
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| | translation = It is woman. (''arch.'')
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| | index = 6
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| }}{{gloss/indexable
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| |phrase = kúusi
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| |IPA = /kuːːsi/ → [kuːβ̞si]
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| | morphemes = kúusi-∅
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| | gloss = sadness.N-3SG.PROX.HO
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| | translation = It is sadness.
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| | index = 7
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| }}
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| ====Allophony of vowels====
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| D'Ivoire did indeed standardise the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language, but he did also supply a more detailed transcription of how the velar approximant and the debuccalisation of nasal stops affected the articulation of vowels. He divided the four primary vowels into another two categories, ''nasal'' and ''oral''.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 850px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''D'Ivoire model'''
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| ! colspan="9" | Orthography and vowels
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| |-
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| ! colspan="4" style="width: 90px; " |Oral
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| ! colspan="4" style="width: 90px; " |Nasal
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small>
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| |-
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| | '''i''' [i]
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| | '''ii''' [i:]
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| | '''í''' [iɨ̯]
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| | -
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| | '''in''' · '''im''' [ẽ]
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| | '''iin''' · '''iim''' [ẽ:]
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| | '''ín''' · '''ím''' [in]
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| | -
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| | '''a''' [a]
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| | '''aa''' [aː]
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| | '''á''' [aɰ]
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| | '''áa''' [aːɰ]
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| | '''an''' · '''am''' [ɑ̃]
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| | '''aan''' · '''aam'''[ɑ̃ː]
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| | '''án''' · '''ám''' [ʌŋ]
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| | '''áan''' · '''áam''' [ʌːŋ]
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| |-
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| |'''u''' [u]
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| |'''uu''' [uː]
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| |'''ú''' [uβ̞]
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| |'''úu''' [uːβ̞]
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| |'''un''' · '''um''' [ũ]
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| |'''uun''' · '''uum''' [ũː]
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| |'''ún''' · '''úm''' [um]
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| |'''úun''' · '''úum''' [uːm]
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| |- | | |- |
| |} | | |} |