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'''Khattish''' ''Zupett'' [zɯpət'] is the language of Khat region in Grundet. Khattish derives from Proto-West-Herookuan languages | '''Khattish''' ''Zupett'' [zɯpət'] is the language of Khat region in Grundet. Khattish derives from Proto-West-Herookuan languages. While Khattish is a cousin language of [[Sceptrian}}, the strong influence from Kher languages has made it hard to recognize the shared traits. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Standard Khattish features a | Standard Khattish features a strict set of phonemes with mostly four places of articulation. Dialects show some variations such as labio-dental and post-alveolar fricatives. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" | The IPA symbol is shown after the romanization if they aren't the same. | ||
! | |||
! | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | | ||
! | ! Bilabial | ||
! | ! Alveolar | ||
!Postalveolar | |||
! Velar | |||
! Uvular | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" |Nasal | ||
| m | | '''m''' | ||
| n | | '''n''' | ||
| ŋ | | | ||
| '''ng''' ŋ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive | ||
| p | !Voiceless | ||
| | | '''p | ||
| | | '''t | ||
| | | | ||
| '''k | |||
| '''kw | |||
|- | |||
!Voiced | |||
|'''b | |||
|'''d | |||
| | |||
|'''g | |||
|'''gw''' ɢ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Fricative | |||
!Voiceless | |||
| '''f''' ɸ~f | |||
| '''s''' | |||
| '''ss''' ʃ | |||
| '''h''' x | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!Voiced | |||
| '''v''' β~v | |||
| '''z''' | |||
| '''zz''' ʒ | |||
| '''x''' ɣ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !colspan="2"|Ejective | ||
| | |'''pp''' p' | ||
| | |'''tt''' t' | ||
| | | | ||
|'''kk''' k' | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" |Affricate | ||
| pɸ | | '''pf''' pɸ | ||
| t͡s | | '''c''' t͡s | ||
| kx | |'''cc''' t͡ʃ | ||
| '''kh''' kx | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" |Trill | ||
| | | '''pr''' ʙ | ||
| | | '''r''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''rr''' ʀ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" |Approximant | ||
| | | '''w''' w~ʋ | ||
| | | '''l''' ɹ~l | ||
| | |||
| '''j''' ɰ~j | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Plosives can be geminated | |||
*/f/, /v/ and /ʋ/ are allophones of /ɸ/, /β/ and /w/ with close vowels | |||
*/l/ and /j/ come with front vowels while /ɹ/ and /ɰ/ are used with back vowels | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! colspan="2"| | ||
! | ! Front | ||
! | ! Central | ||
! | ! Back | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Close | |||
!Unrounded | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''u''' ɯ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Rounded | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | '''ú''' u | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !colspan="2" |Mid | ||
|e | |'''é''' e | ||
|ə | |'''e''' ə~ɵ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan="2" |Open-mid | ||
!Unrounded | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ʌ ɔ | | '''a''' ʌ | ||
|- | |||
!Rounded | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''á''' ɔ | |||
|} | |} | ||
*Can be long | |||
*/ɵ/ appears as an allophone of /ə/ after voiced consonants | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Formal Khattish uses featural abjad script Cekara shown above with its romanization. | Formal Khattish uses featural abjad script Cekara shown above with its romanization. See also the [http://juhhmi.deviantart.com/art/Cekara-Lafenu-450846925 modern script]. | ||
==Morphology== | |||
*roots slightly similar to semitic roots: voiceless bi- and triliterals (while Kher have quadriliteral roots which work more like semitic ones) | |||
**voicing & ejective→affricate as one derivation process: √p-p → ''b-p'' and ''p-b'' | |||
**derivation with affixes as well | |||
===Pronoun=== | |||
===Noun=== | |||
Animate (AN) and inanimate (IN) grammatical genders, singular and plural numbers | |||
Noun cases: | |||
*Absolutive (ABS): Subject of intransitive verbs and direct object of transitive ones | |||
**base form | |||
*Ergative (ERG): Agent of transitive verbs | |||
**final ''é'' | |||
*Dative (DAT): Indirect objects and beneficials | |||
**final ''k'' with AN and ''ee'' with IN | |||
*Genitive (GEN): | |||
**final ''l'' with AN and ''j'' with IN | |||
*Locative (LOC): | |||
**final ''h'' | |||
*Causative (CAU): | |||
**final ''f'' | |||
===Adjective=== | |||
===Verb=== | |||
===Apposition=== | |||
postpositions | |||
===Numeral=== | |||
decimal base | |||
==Syntax== | |||
ergative-absolutive alignment, word order SOV (verb-final), head-medial | |||
[[Category:Ideas]] | [[Category:Ideas]] |
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