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Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions
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==Copula== | ==Copula== | ||
A copular clause is a grammatical unit which consists of three parts: a subject, a nominal or adjectival predicate, and the copula clitic. The subject of such a phrase, if present, is in the absolutive case. The predicate can be either a noun phrase, to which the copula directly attaches, or a stative verb, which does not require the clitic in many cases. Here is an example of a copular clause: | A copular clause is a grammatical unit which consists of three parts: a subject, a nominal or adjectival predicate, and the [[w:Copula (linguistics)|copula]] clitic. The subject of such a phrase, if present, is in the absolutive case. The predicate can be either a noun phrase, to which the copula directly attaches, or a stative verb, which does not require the clitic in many cases. Here is an example of a copular clause: | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
| | |Yira | ||
|Mulittari | |Mulittari | ||
|Kappalu | |Kappalu | ||
|muiššarax | |muiššarax | ||
|... | |... | ||
|- | |- | ||
|yi- | |yi-ra | ||
|Mulittar-i | |Mulittar-i | ||
|Kappalu | |Kappalu | ||
|mu-iššar-ax | |mu-iššar-nu-ax | ||
|- | |- | ||
|this-time | |this-time | ||
|Mulittar=ABS | |Mulittar=ABS | ||
|Kappalu= | |Kappalu=ABS | ||
AGN-rule-be.3SG.S | AGN-rule-3SG.POSS-be.3SG.S | ||
|... | |- | ||
| colspan="4" | "at this time the ruler of Kappalu is Mulittari" | |||
|} | |||
This copular clause consists of an adjunct (''yerōnei''), a subject (''Mulittari''), and a nominal predicate (''Kappalu muiššarnuax''), which includes the copular clitic (''-ax''). Kirtumur only has only one copular clitic. Older varieties of Kirtumur also had a separate word ''ula'' ("to be somewhere") which only expresses the locational or temporal meaning, but is not present in Umunesal, using the clitic for that purpose as well. The copula is never used independently, like in Kērsalur, where even there independent copula is rare. Some old texts and Erepursal copy that usage, even though it had never been present in any spoken variety of Kirtumur: ''ektei '''ma''''' "'''it was me''', who did it" (the spoken version would instead be: ''nu eaktei''). Below are the forms of the clitic copula, based on person and number of a subject. There is no animacy distinction in the third person. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! singular | |||
! dual | |||
! plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st person | |||
| ''-ma/-am'' | |||
| ''-mawa'' | |||
| ''-meita'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd person | |||
| ''-ō'' | |||
| ''-ōwa'' | |||
| ''-ōita'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd person | |||
| ''-ax'' | |||
| ''-xawa'' | |||
| ''-xeita'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Compound verbs== | ==Compound verbs== | ||
There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''huleilim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). A special case is the word ''kha'' "to make/ to do", which is used in a large amount of compounds, for example: ''hēlnim-khaē'' "she/he is casting a spell". In fact it is used so often, that it became a clitic in most componds: ''eixula'''kta''' "he/she has made an appearance". | There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''huleilim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). A special case is the word ''kha'' "to make/ to do", which is used in a large amount of compounds, for example: ''hēlnim-khaē'' "she/he is casting a spell". In fact it is used so often, that it became a clitic in most componds: ''eixula'''kta''' "he/she has made an appearance". | ||