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Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions
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The difference between the imperfective and the aorist infinitive is aspect or state of action. More specifically, the imperfective infinitive denotes the process or course of the state of an action or being, while the aorist infinitive marks the completion of the state of an action, expressing a well-defined or well-delineated state of an action or being. The future infinitive denotes events or states, that will occur soon, and the perfect infinitive shows an action or event as whole and complete. | The difference between the imperfective and the aorist infinitive is aspect or state of action. More specifically, the imperfective infinitive denotes the process or course of the state of an action or being, while the aorist infinitive marks the completion of the state of an action, expressing a well-defined or well-delineated state of an action or being. The future infinitive denotes events or states, that will occur soon, and the perfect infinitive shows an action or event as whole and complete. | ||
==Copula== | |||
A copular clause is a grammatical unit which consists of three parts: a subject, a nominal or adjectival predicate, and the copula clitic. The subject of such a phrase, if present, is in the absolutive case. The predicate can be either a noun phrase, to which the copula directly attaches, or a stative verb, which does not require the clitic in many cases. Here is an example of a copular clause: | |||
:{| | |||
|Yera | |||
|Mulittari | |||
|Kappalu | |||
|ninatektei | |||
|muiššarax | |||
|... | |||
|- | |||
|yi-rō-nei | |||
|Mulittar-i | |||
|Kappalu-nu | |||
|mu-iššar-ax | |||
|- | |||
|this-time=LOC | |||
|Mulittar=ABS | |||
|Kappalu=3SG.POSS | |||
AGN-rule-be.3SG.S | |||
|... | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" | "at this time the ruler of Kappalu is Mulittari" | |||
|} | |||
==Compound verbs== | ==Compound verbs== | ||
There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''huleilim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). A special case is the word ''kha'' "to make/ to do", which is used in a large amount of compounds, for example: ''hēlnim-khaē'' "she/he is casting a spell". In fact it is used so often, that it became a clitic in most componds: ''eixula'''kta''' "he/she has made an appearance". | There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''huleilim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). A special case is the word ''kha'' "to make/ to do", which is used in a large amount of compounds, for example: ''hēlnim-khaē'' "she/he is casting a spell". In fact it is used so often, that it became a clitic in most componds: ''eixula'''kta''' "he/she has made an appearance". | ||