2,334
edits
Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions
m
→Directional prefixes
m (→Modal Prefixes) |
|||
| Line 251: | Line 251: | ||
The comitative suffixes are not used very often and only with animate nouns: ''neihaluis'''tar''''' "I will go there with you". Inanimate nous are instead marked as oblique objects: ''muŋis nini ixi'''ca'''lakte heim'' "The child ran out of the house '''with''' food" (food-Abs child-Abs 3Sg.And-'''3sg.IndObj'''-3sgSubj-run-PRF house-Abs). | The comitative suffixes are not used very often and only with animate nouns: ''neihaluis'''tar''''' "I will go there with you". Inanimate nous are instead marked as oblique objects: ''muŋis nini ixi'''ca'''lakte heim'' "The child ran out of the house '''with''' food" (food-Abs child-Abs 3Sg.And-'''3sg.IndObj'''-3sgSubj-run-PRF house-Abs). | ||
===Directional prefixes=== | ===Directional prefixes=== | ||
Two prefixes, used most commonly with verbs of motion are the [[w:Andative and venitive|andative]] prefix ''xi-'' and the [[w:Andative and venitive|venitive]] prefix ''ei-/i-''. In the general sense, the prefix "''ei''" shows movement towards the listener or the deictic centre and "''xi''" shows movement from or away from it: ''taukhiŋ '''lei'''hašalis'' "I will travel '''to you''' tomorrow" and '''''laxi'''šilais mu-ŋiarepe'' "I will leave '''(from) you''' now, since I don’t feel good". The andative is used less often, than the venitive and in some cases this prefix can be dropped, when the meaning of a phrase can be inferred from the context: ''lašilais'' ("about to leave you"). | Two prefixes, used most commonly with verbs of motion are the [[w:Andative and venitive|andative]] prefix ''xi-'' and the [[w:Andative and venitive|venitive]] prefix ''ei-/i-''. In the general sense, the prefix "''ei''" shows movement towards the listener or the deictic centre and "''xi''" shows movement from or away from it: ''taukhiŋ '''lei'''hašalis'' "I will travel '''to you''' tomorrow" and '''''laxi'''šilais mu-ŋiarepe'' "I will leave '''(from) you''' now, since I don’t feel good". The andative is used less often, than the venitive and in some cases this prefix can be dropped, when the meaning of a phrase can be inferred from the context: ''lašilais'' ("about to leave you"). The venitive prefix also has the meaning "about": ''eneiyatumu'' "We were talking about it". Also, if there is no movement involved, the venitive prefix denotes a certain nearness to the speaker and means "here": '''''nei'''halellešis'' "I will be staying '''here'''". | ||
===Voice and valency=== | ===Voice and valency=== | ||
Verbs refer to actions and states which involve participants. The number and kinds of participants involved differ between different actions and states and thus between different verbs. In this way every verb combines with a specific set of grammatical relations (subject and objects). This set is called its [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]]. Kirtumur has several mechanisms which change the normal valency of a verb. The [[w:Voice_(grammar)#Middle|middle]], [[w:Passive voice|passive]] and [[w:Antipassive voice|antipassive]] voices reduce its valency. For increasing the valency of a verb, it has [[w:Causative|causative]] constructions. | Verbs refer to actions and states which involve participants. The number and kinds of participants involved differ between different actions and states and thus between different verbs. In this way every verb combines with a specific set of grammatical relations (subject and objects). This set is called its [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]]. Kirtumur has several mechanisms which change the normal valency of a verb. The [[w:Voice_(grammar)#Middle|middle]], [[w:Passive voice|passive]] and [[w:Antipassive voice|antipassive]] voices reduce its valency. For increasing the valency of a verb, it has [[w:Causative|causative]] constructions. | ||