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Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions
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Kirtumur verbs often have a grammatical morpheme which in the relative order of verbal prefixes precedes other morphemes is a proclitic, called the modal prefix. They perform different roles, but usually expresses [[w:Modality (natural language)|modality]] or [[w:Contrast (linguistics)|contrast]]. If a verb phrase contains more than one verb, the proclitic will be used with the main verb. | Kirtumur verbs often have a grammatical morpheme which in the relative order of verbal prefixes precedes other morphemes is a proclitic, called the modal prefix. They perform different roles, but usually expresses [[w:Modality (natural language)|modality]] or [[w:Contrast (linguistics)|contrast]]. If a verb phrase contains more than one verb, the proclitic will be used with the main verb. | ||
The first group of proclitics contains the | The first group of proclitics contains the dimensional prefix ''u-'', which shows the sequence of actions. For example: ''Eišilel '''u'''nilatturtu wimmuk'' "She/He left '''after''' she/he has put them into a basket" (PAST-3Sg-leave REL-3Sg.Loc-put-INV.3Pl basket-Abs). The prefix ''ut-'' has the meaning of "on" or "during" but unlike the previous prefix, it can also be a separate word, especially in old texts. Most often it is used with non-finite verb forms: '''''ut'''tarca Iktarenen'' "'''during''' the celebration of the Ascending". Another prefix, which belongs to this subgroup, is ''itu-'' ("by", "near", "around"): '''''itu'''iŋale Khekaltum'' "He/she is living '''near''' the city of Kigaldam". | ||
The second group has no temporal meaning, but rather expresses various kinds of modality. The prefix ''ix(i)-'' express positive or negative wishes, commands, and assertions, for instance: '''''ix'''neithachan'' "You '''must''' give it back to him/her". It can often be used with the imperative. Another proclitic is ''ŋa-'' which either marks contrast, if two actions are different or has the meaning of "also": '''''ŋa'''khartiki'' "'''but''' I did not take it". In older texts, as well as in the noble speech the prefix ''nu-'' is often used as [[w:Hortative|hortative]], while in spoken Umunesal (the common speech) it is almost completely replaced by the optative, with the exception of some fossilised expressions: '''''nu'''lua'' "let’s go". | |||
===Locative prefixes=== | ===Locative prefixes=== | ||
The locative prefixes indicate a location or motion and precede indirect object prefixes and often occur word-initially, when a verb does not contain any proclitics. There are several locative or dimensional prefixes and they are different for every grammatical person (there is no animacy distinction in third person): | The locative prefixes indicate a location or motion and precede indirect object prefixes and often occur word-initially, when a verb does not contain any proclitics. There are several locative or dimensional prefixes and they are different for every grammatical person (there is no animacy distinction in third person): | ||