Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions

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Lakovic languages (view source)

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{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| creator    = User:IlL
| region      = Bjeheond, Talma, Etalocin, Txapoalli
| region      = Originally Bjeheond, Talma and Txapoalli; today worldwide
| name        = Lakovic
| name        = Lakovic
| familycolor = lakovic
| familycolor = lakovic
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| child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic
| child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic
| child6 = Pfiunic
| child6 = Pfiunic
| child7 = Tsrovesh
}}
}}


The '''Lakovic languages''' (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ ''lə-KOH-vik''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi imbrits Lăcof'' <small>Bjeheondian:</small> [vɪ (ʔ)ɪmˈbrits ləˈkaov]) are a major [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family, originally native to [[Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]]. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.
The '''Lakovic languages''' (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ ''lə-KOH-vik''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi imbrits Lăcof'' <small>Bjeheondian:</small> [vɪ (ʔ)ɪmˈbrits ləˈkaov]) are a major [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family, originally native to [[Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]]. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.


The family is named after *lakoF, the PLak reconstructed word for 'human'. *lakoF is the etymon of [[Naeng]] ''Wen Lăchua'' '(poetic) [[Verse:Tricin/Wen Dămea|Wen Dămea]]', [[Tseer]] ''lakow'' 'free', and several other ethnonyms of Lakovic-speaking peoples such as [[Dak'ox]].
The family is named after *lakof, the PLak reconstructed word for 'human'. *lakof is the etymon of [[Naeng]] ''Wen Lăchua'' '(poetic) [[Verse:Tricin/Wen Dămea|Wen Dămea]]', [[Tseer]] ''lakow'' 'free', and several other ethnonyms of Lakovic-speaking peoples such as [[Dak'ox]].
{{Windermere sidebar}}
{{Windermere sidebar}}


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==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==
Most scholars agree on the following major branches:
Most scholars agree on the following major branches:
*[[Naeng languages|Naengic]]
*[[Naeng languages|Naengic]] (aka Ashanic)
**[[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]]
**[[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]]
***[[Naeng|Modern Naeng]]
***[[Naeng|Modern Naeng]]
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***Modern [[Tseer]]
***Modern [[Tseer]]
*[[Häskä]]
*[[Häskä]]
*Pfiunic
* [[Ksieħ]]
**[[Tsăloșian]]
*[[Pfiunian]] dialect continuum (Pseudo-Swiss German)
**[[Pfiunian]] (Pseudo-Swiss German)
*[[Tumhanic]]
**[[Schong]]
**[[Æ]]
**[[Wiebian]]
*Txapoallian Lakovic
*Txapoallian Lakovic
**[[Tsăloșian]] dialect continuum (near Sowaazhpi)
**[[Dakʼox]] (Ejective-y, tonal language)
**[[Dakʼox]] (Ejective-y, tonal language)
*[[!Zoom]]
* Lakovic isolates:
** [[!Zoom]]
** [[Schong]]
** [[Æ]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 |
! | Labial
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Dental/Alveolar
! | Lateral
! | Lateral
! | Palatal
! | Palatal
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! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''*m''' /m/
| '''*m''' /m/
| '''*n''' /n/
| '''*n''' /n{{den}}/
|
|
|  
|  
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! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''*b''' /b/
| '''*b''' /b/
| '''*d''' /d/
| '''*d''' /d{{den}}/
|
|
|
|
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! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''*p''' /p/
| '''*p''' /p/
| '''*t''' /t/
| '''*t''' /t{{den}}/
|
|
|
|
| '''*k''' /k/
| '''*k''' /k/
| '''*Q''', '''*ʔ''' /ʔ/
| '''*ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-align=center
|-align=center
! colspan="2" | Affricate
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
|
| '''*c''' /t͡s/
| '''*c''' /t͡{{den}}s{{den}}/
| '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/
| '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/
|  
|  
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|-align=center
|-align=center
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| '''*F''' /ɸ/
| '''*f''' /ɸ/
| '''*s''' /s/
| '''*s''' /s{{den}}/
| '''*ś''' /ɬ/
| '''*ś''' /ɬ/
| '''*š''' /ʃ/
| '''*š''' /ʃ/
|  
| '''*x''' /χ/
| '''*X, *H'''
| '''*h''' /ɦ/
|-align=center
|-align=center
|-
|-
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| '''*w''' /w/
| '''*w''' /w/
| '''*r''' /r/
| '''*r''' /r/
| '''*l''' /l/
| '''*l''' /l{{den}}/
| '''*y''' /j/
| '''*y''' /j/
|  
|  
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|}
|}
The voiceless stops '''p t k ts tś''' were weakly aspirated like Japanese voiceless stops.
The voiceless stops '''p t k ts tś''' were weakly aspirated like Japanese voiceless stops.
Little is known about the laryngeals '''*Q, *H, *X'''. Some conjectured realizations are:
*'''Q''' = /q/
*'''H''' = /ʁ (???)/ (merges into '''F''' in Tseer and Naeng; it might have been a compressed-rounded vocalized-L-like phoneme.)
*'''X''' = some kind of devoiced back consonant, /h/, /x/ or /ç/ or /q/
The laryngeals may have developed allophones in different environments, leading to conditioned reflexes in daughter lnaguages.


'''m n l r''' could be syllabic in unstressed affixes.
'''m n l r''' could be syllabic in unstressed affixes.
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*''lakof'' 'person' > ''lakof-lakof'' 'people'
*''lakof'' 'person' > ''lakof-lakof'' 'people'
*''lbān'' 'water > ''lbān-lbān'' 'a lot of water'
*''lbān'' 'water > ''lbān-lbān'' 'a lot of water'
There was an honorific suffix ''-is''/''-s''. The semantic shift from honorific to feminine was an areal feature of Talman Lakovic languages.


Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.
Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.


Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''päm'' 'that; those' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam'').
Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''päm'' 'that; those (distal demonstrative)' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam'').
====Case markers====
Case markers came before the noun. There are known to be four case particles.
 
* ''ŋa'' = direct case (the noun in focus); became complementizer in Naeng
* ''Hit'' = indirect case
* ''maw'' = genitive
* ''xu'' = lative (became direct object in Archaic Naeng)


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.
Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.
====Gender====
*wa- = honorific
====TAM====
====TAM====
The following verb affixes marked lexical aspect and voice/transitivity/denominality.
*unmarked or li- = imperfective
*unmarked or li- = imperfective
*-H = perfective
*-H = perfective
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**ongFa- = X for oneself, X in advance
**ongFa- = X for oneself, X in advance


====Triggers====
* {{angbr|əp}}
Triggers (giving the noun in the direct case specific semantic roles) were marked by adding infixes to the verbal grade of the root. Proto-Lakovic had eight triggers:
* {{angbr|əŋ}}
*'''agent''' trigger: unmarked?
* {{angbr|it}}
*'''patient''' trigger: {{angbr|əp}}
* {{angbr|əm/nəm}}
*'''destination''' trigger: {{angbr|əŋ}}
* {{angbr|əg}}
*'''locative''' trigger: {{angbr|it}}
* {{angbr|əkəm}}
*'''ablative/cause''' trigger: {{angbr|əm/nəm}}
* {{angbr|lis}}
*'''instrument''' trigger:  {{angbr|əg}}
*'''benefactive''' trigger: {{angbr|əkəm}}
*'''comitative''' trigger: {{angbr|lis}}
 
In most branches (Ashanic, Tseeric, Tumhanic, Pfiunic, Häskä, Tsrovesh), the original trigger system became a set of derivational affixes, much like binyanim (originally marking voice) in Semitic languages. Txapoallian Lakovic reinterpreted the trigger system into a more head-marking, polysynthetic system. Only some modern Eta-Lakovic languages retain a trigger system today.


====Nominalization====
====Nominalization====
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*{{angbr|X}} = agentive or instrument
*{{angbr|X}} = agentive or instrument
**Wdm root vowel breathiness
**Wdm root vowel breathiness
*{{angbr|aH}} = verb forming prefix or infix
*{{angbr|af}} = verb forming prefix or infix
**Wdm initial voicing, sometimes also breathy root vowel
**Wdm initial voicing, sometimes also breathy root vowel
*biH- = agentive  
*bif- = agentive  
**Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive)
**Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive)
**Tseer ''ba-''
**Tseer ''ba-''
*ha- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
*xa- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
*t- = intensive, denominals
*t- = intensive, denominals
**Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive)
**Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive)
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==Proto-Lakovic syntax==
==Proto-Lakovic syntax==
Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.
Proto-Lakovic had unmarked word order VSO.
===Triggers===
===Triggers===
*''spe-H Hit Qopr-is ŋa riH'' (walk-PFV IND height-FEM DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (neutral)
*''spe-f fit Qopr-is ŋa rif'' (walk-PFV IND height-FEM DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (neutral)
*''s<əŋ>pe-H Hit riH ŋa Qopris'' (<DEST>walk-PFV IND 1SG DIR high) = I walked up high (emphasis on "up high")
*''s<əŋ>pe-f fit rif ŋa Qopris'' (<DEST>walk-PFV IND 1SG DIR high) = I walked up high (emphasis on "up high")


===Copular sentences===
===Copular sentences===
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This caused some triggers to be reinterpreted as noun-deriving affixes in some daughter languages. Demonstration by contrived example, with the instrument trigger:
This caused some triggers to be reinterpreted as noun-deriving affixes in some daughter languages. Demonstration by contrived example, with the instrument trigger:
:'''''p{{angbr|ək}}tuś Hit riH Hit Qin ŋa məHokis.'''''
:'''''p{{angbr|ak}}tuś fit rif fit Qin ŋa maXokis.'''''
:{{angbr|INST}}stab IND 1SG IND 3SG.M DIR stone-F
:{{angbr|INST}}stab IND 1SG IND 3SG.M DIR stone-F
:''I stabbed him with the stone.''
:''I stabbed him with the stone.''
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Copular sentences are zero-copula and do not use case markers except ''Hit'': ''biHdaŋ Hit lakoF.'' = 'The person is a soldier/warrior.'
Copular sentences are zero-copula and do not use case markers except ''Hit'': ''biHdaŋ Hit lakoF.'' = 'The person is a soldier/warrior.'
Some "adjectives" are actually prepositional phrases instead of verbs:
''*Xu Qopr fit fedn Xtar.'' (PRED high.NOM DIR creature black) 'The black one is up high.'


== Sample text ==
== Sample text ==
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(todo: double check, account for Grassmann. This also omits gender affixes.)
(todo: double check, account for Grassmann. This also omits gender affixes.)
-->
-->
''**ŋiHt ntor mangār se dak kaFt. "meH raq śen ʔam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangFnung katkHat nataX qemrecal sen Hdān: "šruk day qatsHiw: dak manknas, tap day amHuc ''tramp'', liw qatsalHiw, tak malHuc, n-dHon talak." "Hna meH raq, sru henFden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "GaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratHaŋ, day Fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaFt se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsFŋim šaX pin kaFt pin bindaq PN.''
''**ŋift ntor mangār se dak kaft. "mef raq śen ʔam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangfnung katkfat nataX qemrecal sen Hdān: "šruk day qatsHiw: dak manknas, tap day amfuc ftom, liw qatsalfiw, tak malfuc, n-dHon talak." "fna mef raq, sru fenfden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "gaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratfaŋ, day fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaft se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsfŋim šaX pin kaft pin bindaq PN.''
 
=== Another one ===
IlL
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