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| child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic | | child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic | ||
| child6 = Pfiunic | | child6 = Pfiunic | ||
}} | }} | ||
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! colspan=2 | | ! colspan=2 | | ||
! | Labial | ! | Labial | ||
! | Alveolar | ! | Dental/Alveolar | ||
! | Lateral | ! | Lateral | ||
! | Palatal | ! | Palatal | ||
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! colspan="2" | Nasal | ! colspan="2" | Nasal | ||
| '''*m''' /m/ | | '''*m''' /m/ | ||
| '''*n''' /n/ | | '''*n''' /n{{den}}/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! <small>voiced</small> | ! <small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''*b''' /b/ | | '''*b''' /b/ | ||
| '''*d''' /d/ | | '''*d''' /d{{den}}/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! <small>voiceless</small> | ! <small>voiceless</small> | ||
| '''*p''' /p/ | | '''*p''' /p/ | ||
| '''*t''' /t/ | | '''*t''' /t{{den}}/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''*k''' /k/ | | '''*k''' /k/ | ||
| | | '''*ʔ''' /ʔ/ | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! colspan="2" | Affricate | ! colspan="2" | Affricate | ||
| | | | ||
| '''*c''' / | | '''*c''' /t͡{{den}}s{{den}}/ | ||
| '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/ | | '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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! colspan="2" | Fricative | ! colspan="2" | Fricative | ||
| '''*f''' /ɸ/ | | '''*f''' /ɸ/ | ||
| '''*s''' /s/ | | '''*s''' /s{{den}}/ | ||
| '''*ś''' /ɬ/ | | '''*ś''' /ɬ/ | ||
| '''*š''' /ʃ/ | | '''*š''' /ʃ/ | ||
| | | '''*x''' /χ/ | ||
| '''* | | '''*h''' /ɦ/ | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''*w''' /w/ | | '''*w''' /w/ | ||
| '''*r''' /r/ | | '''*r''' /r/ | ||
| '''*l''' /l/ | | '''*l''' /l{{den}}/ | ||
| '''*y''' /j/ | | '''*y''' /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The voiceless stops '''p t k ts tś''' were weakly aspirated like Japanese voiceless stops. | The voiceless stops '''p t k ts tś''' were weakly aspirated like Japanese voiceless stops. | ||
'''m n l r''' could be syllabic in unstressed affixes. | '''m n l r''' could be syllabic in unstressed affixes. | ||
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*''lakof'' 'person' > ''lakof-lakof'' 'people' | *''lakof'' 'person' > ''lakof-lakof'' 'people' | ||
*''lbān'' 'water > ''lbān-lbān'' 'a lot of water' | *''lbān'' 'water > ''lbān-lbān'' 'a lot of water' | ||
Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation. | Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation. | ||
Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''päm'' 'that; those' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam''). | Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''päm'' 'that; those (distal demonstrative)' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam''). | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels. | Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels. | ||
====TAM==== | ====TAM==== | ||
The following verb affixes marked lexical aspect and voice/transitivity/denominality. | |||
*unmarked or li- = imperfective | *unmarked or li- = imperfective | ||
*-H = perfective | *-H = perfective | ||
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**ongFa- = X for oneself, X in advance | **ongFa- = X for oneself, X in advance | ||
* {{angbr|əp}} | |||
* {{angbr|əŋ}} | |||
* {{angbr|it}} | |||
* | * {{angbr|əm/nəm}} | ||
* | * {{angbr|əg}} | ||
* | * {{angbr|əkəm}} | ||
* | * {{angbr|lis}} | ||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
====Nominalization==== | ====Nominalization==== | ||
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**Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive) | **Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive) | ||
**Tseer ''ba-'' | **Tseer ''ba-'' | ||
* | *xa- = resultative (passive in Windermere) | ||
*t- = intensive, denominals | *t- = intensive, denominals | ||
**Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive) | **Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive) | ||
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==Proto-Lakovic syntax== | ==Proto-Lakovic syntax== | ||
Proto-Lakovic had | Proto-Lakovic had unmarked word order VSO. | ||
===Triggers=== | ===Triggers=== | ||
*''spe-f fit Qopr-is ŋa rif'' (walk-PFV IND height-FEM DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (neutral) | *''spe-f fit Qopr-is ŋa rif'' (walk-PFV IND height-FEM DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (neutral) | ||
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Some "adjectives" are actually prepositional phrases instead of verbs: | Some "adjectives" are actually prepositional phrases instead of verbs: | ||
''*Xu Qopr | ''*Xu Qopr fit fedn Xtar.'' (PRED high.NOM DIR creature black) 'The black one is up high.' | ||
== Sample text == | == Sample text == | ||
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(todo: double check, account for Grassmann. This also omits gender affixes.) | (todo: double check, account for Grassmann. This also omits gender affixes.) | ||
--> | --> | ||
''** | ''**ŋift ntor mangār se dak kaft. "mef raq śen ʔam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangfnung katkfat nataX qemrecal sen Hdān: "šruk day qatsHiw: dak manknas, tap day amfuc ftom, liw qatsalfiw, tak malfuc, n-dHon talak." "fna mef raq, sru fenfden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "gaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratfaŋ, day fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaft se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsfŋim šaX pin kaft pin bindaq PN.'' | ||
=== Another one === | === Another one === |
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