Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions

Lakovic languages (view source)

Revision as of 03:56, 23 November 2022

1,157 bytes removed , 23 November 2022

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→‎Affixes

IlL

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 ! colspan="2" | Affricate
 |
-| '''*c''' /t͡{{den}}s{{den}{/
+| '''*c''' /t͡{{den}}s{{den}}/
 | '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/
 |
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 | '''*ś''' /ɬ/
 | '''*š''' /ʃ/
-| '''*x''' /x/
+| '''*x''' /χ/
 | '''*h''' /ɦ/
 |-align=center
@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 *''lakof'' 'person' > ''lakof-lakof'' 'people'
 *''lbān'' 'water > ''lbān-lbān'' 'a lot of water'
-There was an honorific suffix ''-is''/''-s''. The semantic shift from honorific to feminine was an areal feature of Talman Lakovic languages.
 Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.
-Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''päm'' 'that; those' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam'').
+Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''päm'' 'that; those (distal demonstrative)' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam'').
-====Case markers====
-Case markers came before the noun. There are known to be four case particles.
-* ''ŋa'' = direct case (the noun in focus); became complementizer in Naeng
-* ''Hit'' = indirect case
-* ''maw'' = genitive
-* ''xu'' = lative (became direct object in Archaic Naeng)
 ===Pronouns===
@@ Line 198: / Line 189: @@
 Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.
-====Gender====
-*wa- = honorific
 ====TAM====
+The following verb affixes marked lexical aspect and voice/transitivity/denominality.
 *unmarked or li- = imperfective
 *-H = perfective
@@ Line 214: / Line 203: @@
 **ongFa- = X for oneself, X in advance
-====Triggers====
+* {{angbr|əp}}
-Triggers (giving the noun in the direct case specific semantic roles) were marked by adding infixes to the verbal grade of the root. Proto-Lakovic had eight triggers:
+* {{angbr|əŋ}}
-*'''agent''' trigger: unmarked?
+* {{angbr|it}}
-*'''patient''' trigger: {{angbr|əp}}
+* {{angbr|əm/nəm}}
-*'''destination''' trigger: {{angbr|əŋ}}
+* {{angbr|əg}}
-*'''locative''' trigger: {{angbr|it}}
+* {{angbr|əkəm}}
-*'''ablative/cause''' trigger: {{angbr|əm/nəm}}
+* {{angbr|lis}}
-*'''instrument''' trigger:  {{angbr|əg}}
-*'''benefactive''' trigger: {{angbr|əkəm}}
-*'''comitative''' trigger: {{angbr|lis}}
-In most branches (Ashanic, Tseeric, Tumhanic, Pfiunic, Häskä, Tsrovesh), the original trigger system became a set of derivational affixes, much like binyanim (originally marking voice) in Semitic languages. Txapoallian Lakovic reinterpreted the trigger system into a more head-marking, polysynthetic system. Only some modern Eta-Lakovic languages retain a trigger system today.
 ====Nominalization====
@@ Line 260: / Line 244: @@
 **Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive)
 **Tseer ''ba-''
-*ha- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
+*xa- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
 *t- = intensive, denominals
 **Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive)
@@ Line 272: / Line 256: @@
 ==Proto-Lakovic syntax==
-Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.
+Proto-Lakovic had unmarked word order VSO.
 ===Triggers===
 *''spe-f fit Qopr-is ŋa rif'' (walk-PFV IND height-FEM DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (neutral)

Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions

Lakovic languages (view source)

Revision as of 03:56, 23 November 2022

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