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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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! Secondary endings<br/>(past) | ! Secondary endings<br/>(past) | ||
| -(a) | | -(a)ha || -(a)ta || -a<br/>-Ø || -(a)mát || -(a)dó || -ír<br/>-r | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perfect endings<br/>(aorist) | ! Perfect endings<br/>(aorist) | ||
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The four past classes are: | The four past classes are: | ||
* class I (root athematic): more common than in other modern IE languages, it is simply formed by the root plus the suffixes. Forms other than the first person singular and third plural show extensive consonant assimilation. Plural forms often have different stems, reflecting PIE zero-grade. Examples: ''e-lersy- | * class I (root athematic): more common than in other modern IE languages, it is simply formed by the root plus the suffixes. Forms other than the first person singular and third plural show extensive consonant assimilation. Plural forms often have different stems, reflecting PIE zero-grade. Examples: ''e-lersy-aha, e-lors-mát'' "I saw, we saw"; ''a-lúh-ha, a-lú-mát'' (underlying form ''a-luh-mát'') "I, we created, made, prepared", ''é-ˤl-aha, e-deˤ-mát'' "I, we ate". | ||
* class II (root thematic): overall the most common; class I and II together correspond to the vast majority of verbs in Lifashian. Root thematic past verbs generally have the same, regular forms in all persons. Examples: ''e-ber- | * class II (root thematic): overall the most common; class I and II together correspond to the vast majority of verbs in Lifashian. Root thematic past verbs generally have the same, regular forms in all persons. Examples: ''e-ber-aha'' "I brought", ''e-denah-ha'' "I ran".<br/>Roots that belong to the present class VIII (-iyámi) keep the ''-iy-'' suffix in the past; see ''a-bón-iy-ha'' "I built", ''a-cóc-iy-ha'' "I cradled", ''e-pít-iy-ha'' "I counted". | ||
* class III (''s-past'', sigmatic): corresponding to Greek sigmatic aorist. Overall not as common as in other IE languages, but still represented. The added '''s''' is often obscured by consonant assimilation. See ''a-lúw-s- | * class III (''s-past'', sigmatic): corresponding to Greek sigmatic aorist. Overall not as common as in other IE languages, but still represented. The added '''s''' is often obscured by consonant assimilation. See ''a-lúw-s-aha'' "I loved", ''e-gíj-aha'' (underlying e-gil-s-aha, from PIE *e-wéyd-s-h₂o) "I watched". | ||
* class IV (reduplicated): very rare. The root is often quite obscured due to the stressed reduplication, zero-grade, and consonant assimilation. The few examples include | * class IV (reduplicated): very rare. The root is often quite obscured due to the stressed reduplication, zero-grade, and consonant assimilation. The few examples include ''e-lelah-ha'' "I had", or the literary ''a-gúk-ha'' "I said" (cf. Gr. εἶπον). | ||
====Pluperfect==== | ====Pluperfect==== | ||
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The Lifashian future is a generally regular formation for all roots. It is an innovation formed by adding ''-(e)gi-'' to the root (or stem for class VIII presents) followed by the past endings (but no ending for the 3rd person singular); the future-forming suffix is likely a grammaticalized contraction of the root ''gil-'' "to see".<br/> | The Lifashian future is a generally regular formation for all roots. It is an innovation formed by adding ''-(e)gi-'' to the root (or stem for class VIII presents) followed by the past endings (but no ending for the 3rd person singular); the future-forming suffix is likely a grammaticalized contraction of the root ''gil-'' "to see".<br/> | ||
: Examples: '' | : Examples: ''paregiha'' "I will do", ''paregita'', ''paregi'', ''paregimát'', ''paregidó'', ''paregír'' | ||
: '' | : ''denggiha'' "I will run", ''denggita'', ''denggi'', ''denggimát'', ''denggidó'', ''denggír'' | ||
In colloquial Lifashian, the present alone is commonly used with a future meaning. | In colloquial Lifashian, the present alone is commonly used with a future meaning. | ||
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====Conditional==== | ====Conditional==== | ||
The conditional (also called hypothetical) is used to form conditional sentences; unlike e.g. Romance languages, but like neighboring Turkish and Azerbaijani, the Lifashian conditional is used in the protasis, e.g. ''Paláng sahét ''' | The conditional (also called hypothetical) is used to form conditional sentences; unlike e.g. Romance languages, but like neighboring Turkish and Azerbaijani, the Lifashian conditional is used in the protasis, e.g. ''Paláng sahét '''láseha''', mey tám Ispániyam wakánsom etinenggim.'' "'''If I had''' enough money, I'd go on holiday in Spain." | ||
The conditional is formed by adding ''-se-'' to the root with the past endings. Examples: | The conditional is formed by adding ''-se-'' to the root with the past endings. Examples: | ||
: '' | : ''berseha'' (root ''ber-'') "if I brought", ''berseta'', ''berse'', ''bersemát'', ''bersedó'', ''berser''. | ||
There is also a past conditional (cf. "if I had had"), which is formed with the ''-it'' participle and the conditional of ''esyim'', e.g. ''berit | There is also a past conditional (cf. "if I had had"), which is formed with the ''-it'' participle and the conditional of ''esyim'', e.g. ''berit búseha'' "if I had brought". See e.g. ''Letám résy mé '''det búse''', tám mosábakam esejmát.'' "Had she not been injured, we'd have won the match." | ||
====Compound verbs==== | ====Compound verbs==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1SG | ! 1SG | ||
| esyim || | | esyim || astáha || búhit (e)syim || búhit astáha || rowspan=6 style="text-align: center;" | present of<br/> ''frálmi'' "I become" || buhegiha, búgiha || esam || búseha || búhit búseha | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2SG | ! 2SG | ||
| esyi || | | esyi || astáta || búhit (e)syi || búhit astáta || buhegita, búgita || esadi || búseta || búhit búseta | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SG | ! 3SG | ||
| esti || | | esti || astá || búhit e(sti) || búhit astá || buhegi, búgi || estu || búse || búhit búse | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1PL | ! 1PL | ||
| somé || | | somé || astamát || búhit somé || búhit astamát || buhegimát, búgimát || eswe || búsemát || búhit búsemát | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2PL | ! 2PL | ||
| iste || | | iste || astadó || búhit iste || búhit astadó || buhegidó, búgidó || este || búsedó || búhit búsedó | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3PL | ! 3PL | ||
| séti || | | séti || astár || búhit séti || búhit astár || buhegír, búgír || estu || búser || búhit búser | ||
|} | |} | ||
All forms of the present, past, and subjunctive which begin with ''e-'' or ''a-'' form contractions with the preceding negative particle ''mé'': ''mésyim, mésyi, mésti...'', '' | All forms of the present, past, and subjunctive which begin with ''e-'' or ''a-'' form contractions with the preceding negative particle ''mé'': ''mésyim, mésyi, mésti...'', ''méstáha, méstáta, méstá...''; ''mésam, mésadi, méstu...'' | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||