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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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Hamza may occur on any vowel, either long or short, as long as it is stressed (either primarily or in compounds)<ref>Some extremely conservative inland dialects have hamza on unstressed vowels too.</ref>. Hamza on short vowels is always realized as creaky voice or pharyngealization, while hamza on long vowels, for many speakers, is phonetically closer to a broken tone, with a full glottal stop interrupting the sound, before a short echo of the vowel: | Hamza may occur on any vowel, either long or short, as long as it is stressed (either primarily or in compounds)<ref>Some extremely conservative inland dialects have hamza on unstressed vowels too.</ref>. Hamza on short vowels is always realized as creaky voice or pharyngealization, while hamza on long vowels, for many speakers, is phonetically closer to a broken tone, with a full glottal stop interrupting the sound, before a short echo of the vowel: | ||
* ''elemi'' "I eat" {{IPA|/ˈeˤlemi/}} {{IPA|[ˈeˤlemi]}} | * ''elemi'' "I eat" {{IPA|/ˈeˤlemi/}} {{IPA|[ˈeˤlemi]}} | ||
* '' | * ''élaha'' "I ate" {{IPA|/ˈeːˤlæhæ/}} {{IPA|[ˈeɁĕlæhæ]}} | ||
* ''lúlasyam'' "twelve" (masc.) {{IPA|/ˌluːˤˈlæʃæm/}} {{IPA|[ˌluɁŭˈlæʃæm]}} | * ''lúlasyam'' "twelve" (masc.) {{IPA|/ˌluːˤˈlæʃæm/}} {{IPA|[ˌluɁŭˈlæʃæm]}} | ||
Minimal pairs distinguished by hamza include the forms of some verbs whose root has hamza and the non-singular endings were originally stressed on an ending that absorbed the root vowel, such as ''mulúti'' {{IPA|/muˈluːˤti/}} "he/she/it speaks" vs. ''mulúti'' {{IPA|/muˈluːti/}} "they speak". A lexical minimal pair, possibly the first one explained to Lifashian students, is ''lú'' {{IPA|/luːˤ/}} "two (masc.)" (from PIE *dwoh<sub>1</sub>) and ''lú'' {{IPA|/luː/}} "hill" (probably from Akkadian ''dû'', itself from Sumerian). | Minimal pairs distinguished by hamza include the forms of some verbs whose root has hamza and the non-singular endings were originally stressed on an ending that absorbed the root vowel, such as ''mulúti'' {{IPA|/muˈluːˤti/}} "he/she/it speaks" vs. ''mulúti'' {{IPA|/muˈluːti/}} "they speak". A lexical minimal pair, possibly the first one explained to Lifashian students, is ''lú'' {{IPA|/luːˤ/}} "two (masc.)" (from PIE *dwoh<sub>1</sub>) and ''lú'' {{IPA|/luː/}} "hill" (probably from Akkadian ''dû'', itself from Sumerian). | ||