forumadmin, Administrators
2,041
edits
Lodeen: Difference between revisions
→Genitive construction
| (6 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) | |||
| Line 123: | Line 123: | ||
The plosives [p] and [b] are bilabial. The plosives [t̪] and [d̪] are "dental" or more exactly pronounced with the blade of the tongue about the alveola and the apex slightly touching the teeth. They get slightly affricated before /i/ or /j/ but not in a very noticeable way, at least in the standard variety. The plosives [k] and [g] are velar, and slightly palatalized before /i/ and /j/ but not to the extent that they would become [c]/[ɟ]. The fricatives [f] and [v] are labio-dental, realized with the upper teeth touching the lower lip, slightly from behind. The fricatives [s] and [z] are realized with a similar configuration as /t/ and /d/, probably slightly more retracted. They are not noticeably palatalized before /i/, at least in the standard variety. The approximant [l] is realized in a rather apical and alveolar manner ; it is slightly velarized after/before back, rounded vowels. The approximant [j] is palatal, the approximant [w] is labio-velar. | The plosives [p] and [b] are bilabial. The plosives [t̪] and [d̪] are "dental" or more exactly pronounced with the blade of the tongue about the alveola and the apex slightly touching the teeth. They get slightly affricated before /i/ or /j/ but not in a very noticeable way, at least in the standard variety. The plosives [k] and [g] are velar, and slightly palatalized before /i/ and /j/ but not to the extent that they would become [c]/[ɟ]. The fricatives [f] and [v] are labio-dental, realized with the upper teeth touching the lower lip, slightly from behind. The fricatives [s] and [z] are realized with a similar configuration as /t/ and /d/, probably slightly more retracted. They are not noticeably palatalized before /i/, at least in the standard variety. The approximant [l] is realized in a rather apical and alveolar manner ; it is slightly velarized after/before back, rounded vowels. The approximant [j] is palatal, the approximant [w] is labio-velar. | ||
Concerning vowels, high vowels [i] and [u] tend to weaken a bit in atonic position. The open vowel [ä] is rather centralized. The mid vowels present an allophony between open and closed : they're realized [e] and [o] in an open syllable (no coda), but [ɛ] and [ɔ] in a closed syllable (ending with a consonant coda). This is more especially true when it's a word-final syllable. That allophony is never showed in current transcriptions. | Concerning vowels, high vowels [i] and [u] tend to weaken a bit in atonic position. The open vowel [ä] is rather centralized. The mid vowels present an allophony between open and closed : they're realized [e] and [o] in an open syllable (no coda), but [ɛ] and [ɔ] in a closed syllable (ending with a consonant coda). This is more especially true when it's a word-final syllable. That allophony is never showed in current transcriptions. | ||
There is an assimilation of the nasal [n̪] (realized more or less like /t/ and /d/) in [ŋ] before /k/, but it keeps its place of articulation before other consonants. The nasal [m] is bilabial. If you are familiar with modern, standard French, the | There is an assimilation of the nasal [n̪] (realized more or less like /t/ and /d/) in [ŋ] before /k/, but it keeps its place of articulation before other consonants. The nasal [m] is bilabial. If you are familiar with modern, standard French, the phonetic realizations are basically the same. | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
| Line 158: | Line 158: | ||
/u/ = < u > | /u/ = < u > | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
=====Alphabet===== | |||
The Lodeen alphabet in its own alphabetical order : | |||
A E I O U M N P T K F S L Y W | |||
====Alternate Standard==== | ====Alternate Standard==== | ||
| Line 236: | Line 242: | ||
=====Modalities===== | =====Modalities===== | ||
There are no verbal modes as morphological marks, but modal adverbs to indicate modalities. Other verbal categories such as evidentiality, polarity... are also indicated by adverbs. For instance, negation is indicated with such an adverb, the modal adverb NEWIN. | There are no verbal modes as morphological marks, but modal adverbs to indicate modalities. Other verbal categories such as evidentiality, polarity... are also indicated by adverbs. For instance, negation is indicated with such an adverb, the modal adverb NEWIN. | ||
======''Negation''====== | |||
The modal adverb NEWIN is used for negation. It is placed before the subject and the conjugated verb. | |||
Ex. : NEWIN SE AYEYOL, "he didn't agree". | |||
======''Interrogation''====== | |||
On the other hand, questions are built with the interrogative particle KSA. For a yes/no question, it is simply placed at the beginning of the sentence, which is otherwise regular. For other types of questions, the particle is also placed at the beginning of the sentence, but a question word is added at the end. | |||
Ex. : KSA MOT KAWOK LAOFOL ? "do you like chocolate ?" ''lit. question you chocolate like ?'' | |||
Ex. : KSA KATO TON ? "where is the cat ?" ''lit. question cat where ?'' | |||
====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
| Line 291: | Line 310: | ||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
====Constituents order==== | |||
The canonical order of complements is Subject-Complement-Object-Verb (SOV). This order is kept for example in negative and interrogative sentences. | |||
Lodeen mostly uses postpositions. | |||
====Head and complement order==== | |||
Adjectives usually appear after nouns and adverbs after verbs. They can appear in front for stylistic/pragmatic reasons, which sometimes lead to different shades of meaning depending on that placement. | |||
====Genitive construction==== | |||
The genitive construction is comprised of a Possessor noun, a Possessed noun, and a genitive pronoun agreeing with the possessor and placed right after it. The unit Possessor noun + genitive pronoun can appear either before or after the Possessed noun. | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category:Jokelangs]] | |||
[[Category:Auxlangs]] | |||
[[Category:Experimental languages]] | |||