Meskangela: Difference between revisions

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! rowspan=2| [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! <small>[[w:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
! <small>[[w:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| pʰ
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| tʰ
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*The exact value of a phoneme, denoted with the character "རྲ" is uncertain. It was likely a voiced affricate /d͡z/ or a fricative /zʷ/ during the classical period. In later dialects it became [r], [θ] or [w].
*The exact value of a phoneme, denoted with the character "རྲ" is uncertain. It was likely a voiced affricate /d͡z/ or a fricative /zʷ/ during the classical period. In later dialects it became [pʰ], [r], [θ] or [w].
*/pʰ/ was a marginal phoneme in Classical Meskangela, it became more common in the Western dialects and disappeared in Southern Meskangela.
*/ɥ/ was a separate phoneme in Old Meskangela and had remained distinct from /j/ at least by the early classical period. In dialects with metaphony it likely survived longer, resulting in the rounding of preceding vowels.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===

Revision as of 06:18, 17 July 2022

Meskangela language
མསྐཾངེལཿ
Mëskaŋelā
Meskangela dialects.png
Created byRaistas
Settingplanet Earth (Europe)
Sino-Tibetan
Early form
*Proto-Himalayan
  • Proto-Meskangela (4000–1300 BNE)
  • Old Meskangela (1300–300 BNE)
  • Classical Meskangela (300 BNE–0 NE)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Meskangela (Classical Meskangela: མསྐཾངེལཿ mëskaŋelā; Western མསྐཾངེལཿ mëskaŋela; Eastern མསྐཾངེལཿ mëskåŋeła; Southern མཁཾངྃག măkhoŋäg) is a Himalayan language of an unknown origin. The most common hypothesis suggests its origin in the West Himalayan region and migrated westward over the period of three thousand years. For a millennium, Old Meskangela served as a language of public life and administration as well as a language of divine worship. The Classical Meskangela (also known as “Meskangela Proper” མསྐཾངེལཿ རནཏཾཀེ Meskangela Rántake) was a standardised dialect that emerged from Old Meskangela in approximately 300 BNE and remained spoken until the New Era, after which it remained only a written standard, as local dialects gained more recognition and prominence. Seven dialects are still spoken, but only the Southern variety diverges from the classical spelling and uses its own modified version of the Meskangēl script.

New Meskangela dialects are written in the Meskangēl script, a descendant of the Ancient Himalayan script, and the classical variety remains most prominent. The earliest inscriptions date from 13th century BNE, although such inscriptions remained scarce until approximately 500 BNE, when first religious texts were written. However, the linguistic history of Meskangela prior to the appearance of such textual sources remains unknown.

Name and history

The name of the language was coined during the classical period from the word སྐཾང་ skaŋ “mountain” and means “pertaining to the mountains”, since the land where it was traditionally spoken is mountainous. Other groups used different terms to refer to themselves and their languages: མྸཾཨྃལཿ mágailā “Southern”, སྱ྅རེལཿ syörilā “Western”, ཀལོནེལཿ këlónelā “Plain dialect”, ཁམེལཿ khëmelā “Coastal dialect”.

Historically Meskangela had always been the language of the mountainous islands. Its origin, however, is obscure, as all documentations of the previous eras were lost, and local folklore only briefly mentions an ancient journey to the west, called ཨཱགརྭཾཏུ Āgërwatu. Little is known about the language of that period itself, its phonology is the only part that is well understood, which allows to reconstruct many Proto-Meskangela words. By around 1300 BNE, the Meskanel people had a many chiefdoms in all of the three main islands. During that period the written language rose to prominence and was standardised for the first time (300 BNE). Later, Meskangela Proper became a prestige language after being adopted as a lingua franca between its various dialects. The dialects themselves had already developed their distinctive features by the classical period, and Meskangela Proper was not a common ancestor of those dialects, instead it was a standardised variety of the Central Syörilā, which comprises Western and Eastern Tūŋëdēla (“Innersea”) group. During the New Era Meskangela is still often referred as a single language, even though by the end of the classical period it had already been a group of closely related languages. The most accurate term to describe Meskangela as a whole is a dialect continuum.

Geographic distribution

The Meskangela language is spoken on three main landmasses, which are used to group its dialects: འས྅རིཀཿ Hasörikā “Westland”, སྱཾརལིངཿ Syarëliŋā “Eastland” and མྸཾགཾརིཀཿ Mágårikā “Southland”, as well as on many islands surrounding the landmasses. There are also some small communities in the southern continent Lyökimëranā, but most of those settlements are recent, and for the most part originate from the Southland.

Dialects

Seven main dialects of Meskangela:
  Outer Syörilā
  Inner Syörilā
  Western Tūŋëdēllā
  Eastern Tūŋëdēllā
  Outer Khëmelā
  Inner Khëmelā
  Southern
  sparsely populated or uninhabited

Linguistically speaking, Meskangela is not a single language, but a group of closely related languages, divided into three subgroups: Western, Eastern and Southern, based on their relative location. Some dialects within one subgroup may differ more from each other than other dialects belonging to different subgroups, which mostly depends on their geographic isolation and influence of the standard language. Some dialects are mutually intelligible, whereas others are not, not unlike the situation of a typical dialect continuum. Several varieties still use different names for themselves: a relatively divergent far Eastern variety is called Khīmła [ˈkʰiː.wɑ], Southeastern dialects – Majäg [ˈma.jɛɣ], Southwestern – Gakhō Łatem [ɣa.ˈkʰy. ʟa.ˈteʊ]. Most dialects can be described as either "Western", "Eastern" or "Southern", which corresponds to three main islands. It is also important to draw a distinction between later dialects of the New Era (often called "New Meskangela"), the classical variety used as a written, but not a spoken language, and those that are extinct. Thus, it is convenient to classify these dialects as "Modern", "Middle" or "Classical", and "Old", alongside the classification, based on geograhic areas.

Writing system

“Mëskangelā” in the cursive script.

The Meskangela script was based on the Ancient Himalayan script. With time, it developed its distinctive style and characters, specifically vowel markers, which were seldom used in writing Old Meskangela. The later varieties adopted this script with minor modifications. The other main writing system used for Meskangela, mostly after the classical period, was a cursive script.

Consonants
Aspirated Unaspirated Fricative Voiced Nasal Lateral
approximant
Glottal
letter sound rom. letter sound rom. letter sound rom. letter sound rom. letter sound rom. ལྷ​
Velar [kʰ] kh [k] k ཨ​ [ɣ~∅], *[x] g ​ག​ [ɣ] g ​ང​ [ŋ] ŋ [ɬ]
Palatal [t͡ɕʰ] ch [t͡ɕ] c ​ས​​ [s] s ​ཡ​ [j] j lh
Dental [tʰ] th [t] t ཞ​ [θ] z ཨ​ [ð̞~ɹ] d ​ན​ [n] n
Labial ཕ​​ [pʰ] ph [p] p ཧ​​​​ [h~ɦ], *[f] h བ​ [w] w ​མ​ [m] m [l] [a], *[aʱ]
Trill རྷ​​​​ [r̥] rh [r] r རྲ​​​ [d͡z] ʒ l a
Vowels and semivowels
vowel sound rom. vowel sound rom. vowel sound rom. vowel sound rom. vowel sound rom. vowel sound rom.
Short vowels ◌ི [i] i ◌ུ [u] u ◌ེ [e] e ◌ོ [o] o ◌ཾ [a] a [ə] ë
Long vowels ◌ཱི [iː] ī ◌ཱུ [uː] ū ◌ཻ [eː] ē ◌ཽ [oː] ō ◌ཱ [aː] ā ◌྅ [øː] ö
Diphthongs ◌ྃ [aɪ] ai ◌ྂ [aʊ] au ◌ཿ *[aʱ] ā ◌ྸ [˥] ◌́ ◌ྱ [ʲ] y ◌ྭ [ʷ] w

The table above demonstrates all characters of the Meskangēl script and their classical pronunciation. Individual dialects may vary greatly over the way certain characters are pronounced, and some dialects do not use certain letters, while others still retain the Classical Meskangela spelling, even though the pronunciation is different. For example, the Eastern variety does not use "◌ྂ" (au), replacing it with "◌ཱུ" (ū) everywhere, and uses "ཨ" to represent [l], while the Southern variety does not use letters "ཨ" and "ཞ​", the tone symbol "◌ྸ" and the "◌ཿ " ending and ignore those characters while reading.

Phonology

Each dialect of Meskangela has its own distinctive pronunciation, and it would not be feasible here to go into all these properties. Classical Meskangela has 58 distinct phonemes, while Old Meskangela likely had up to 62 phonemes. All later dialects have smaller consonant inventories, but some have more vowel phonemes, than the Classical variety.

Vowels

The table below represents vowels of Classical Meskangela:

Short Long
Front Central Back Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o ɵː
Open-mid ə (ɔ) ɑʊ
Open a ɑ(ː)

The vowel [ɔ] was an allophone of short /a/ in open syllables. Whether it contrasted with the open vowels remains a matter of debate, however, in most later dialects it became a separate phoneme. The same is true for [ɑ(ː)], the quality of which is not certain, because it did not merge with [ɔ] in the Eastern group, but likely was short. The exact quality of Meskangela diphthongs is uncertain as well, "ai" remains a diphthong only in the far Western dialects, where it is refected as [eɪ] or [ɛɪ], while "au" becomes [øʏ] in the Outer and [ɶ] in the Inner Western dialects, so it could have been slightly fronted or centralised in the proto-language.

The high long vowels are the most stable among the Meskangela dialects (with "ū" fronting to [y(ː)] only in the Inner Eastern variety), while the mid vowel group is the most variable. Eastern and Southern varieties exhibit metaphony affecting both short and long vowels to a different degree. The short vowels in the Southern dialect are frequently affected by syncope, thus creating new vowel contrasts.

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain labialised plain palatalised labialised plain palatalised labialised
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
Plosive aspirated (pʰ) tʷʰ t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ t͡sʷʰ kʲʰ kʷʰ
tenuis p t t͡s t͡ɕ t͡sʷ k
Fricative θ s ɕ [h~ɦ]
Approximant Voiceless ʎ̥ l̥ʷ
Voiced w ð̞ (d͡z) l ʎ j ɣ̞ ɥ ɣ̞ʷ
Trill Voiceless r̥ʲ r̥ʷ
Voiced r
  • The exact value of a phoneme, denoted with the character "རྲ" is uncertain. It was likely a voiced affricate /d͡z/ or a fricative /zʷ/ during the classical period. In later dialects it became [pʰ], [r], [θ] or [w].
  • /pʰ/ was a marginal phoneme in Classical Meskangela, it became more common in the Western dialects and disappeared in Southern Meskangela.
  • /ɥ/ was a separate phoneme in Old Meskangela and had remained distinct from /j/ at least by the early classical period. In dialects with metaphony it likely survived longer, resulting in the rounding of preceding vowels.

Prosody

Syllable structure