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====Semblative==== | ====Semblative==== | ||
===Postpositional Nouns=== | |||
There are a large number of nouns which may behave like adpositions. An example of this is the word for ''vicinity'', '''ɾnɷ''' [ʹtiɟmɐ] which may be used postpositionally to express near to something by placing the word in the locative case and the thing it's near to is then given as an adjective modifying the noun.. The following example demonstrates how this is used postpositionally: | |||
:::'''υɔυ:n-cɾɔ:ω-ʌ:ɾnɷ-ooó''' | |||
:::[ʹɫugɫic ʹsitkin iʹdiɟma bɐ] | |||
:::house-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">sub</span> coast-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">loc</span>-vicinity it.absent.3 | |||
:::''the house is near the coast.'' | |||
Some more examples include '''υɾʌ''' [ʹɫidɾɐ] which has the basic meaning of 'neighbour' but used postpositionally means ''next to'', '''cɾɾ''' [ʹsitɐ] meaning ''around'' otherwise it will refer to area surrounding something. '''ωɾω''' [ʹnidnɐ] meaning ''inside'' is another example. | |||
====Postpositional Nouns or Cases?==== | |||
Many of the cases mentioned above are rather restricted in their usage and their meanings can be equally well expressed by using postpositional nouns. An example of this is when saying ''on top of the table'', for example. We can use the supraessive case marker giving us '''ɔ:ɔυɷ''' [uʹkumɐ] we can however equally use the noun '''ιcι''' [ʹhisha] postpositionally giving '''ɔυɷ:ω-ʌ:ιcι''' [ʹkumin iʹhishɐ]. In addition to this many of the case markers have taken on derivational meanings which have strayed from their original meanings, so although use of case affixes is considered by many ‘purer’ it is becoming more common to hear postpositional nouns used instead and a number of the case markers are also in the process of merging or only being used in fossilised formulaic expressions. | |||
The semblative, for example, has largely merged with the essive and is now extremely rare. Likewise the perlative has largely been replaced by the vialis. In this latter case there is also the possibility of using the postpositional noun '''vcʌ''' [ʹjizɾɐ], although the vialis is still commonly used. The benefactive is mainly used with a few set verbs such as '''υɾn''' [ʹɫitcɐ] ''to give to'' and '''nυυ:v''' [ʹcuɫij] ''to show to'', but for other usages has largely been replaced by the lative. Also, as mentioned previously, the locative usually suffices to describe where something is situated and the other cases indicating 'place' will only be used for greater precision. These are also often replaced with postpositional nouns. | |||
There are also some dialectal differences as to use of cases versus postpositional nouns with the towns in the West, including the main town of iNukhin Litpa more commonly using postpositional nouns whereas those in the East preferring case markers. | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||