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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
====Multiple adjectives==== | |||
If there is more than one adjective or adverb involved in a noun phrase then their order and whether or not they use the comitative suffix ''':υ''' will affect the meaning. | |||
The comitative particle needs to be used to show that two adjectives both apply to the noun. If the particle is not used then the first adjective will adverbally modify the second adjective and not the noun directly. | |||
If, for example, we have: | |||
:::'''oωɾ:ω-nιo:ω-vυɾ''' | |||
:::[pindin ʹcuhpin ʹjudɐ] | |||
:::many-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> big-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> dog | |||
:::''a bigger dog'' | |||
Because there is no comitative suffix on the second adjective the first adjective modifies the second one. Contrastively, in the phrase: | |||
:::'''oωɾ:ω-nιo:ω:υ-vυɾ''' | |||
:::[ʹpindin ʹcuhpinɫa ʹjudɐ] | |||
:::many-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> big-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">com</span> dog | |||
:::''many big dogs'' | |||
because the comitative suffix ''':υ''' has been added to the second adjective they both equally modify the noun. Note that we can only have the non-comitative adjectival word order for certain adjectives which also have an adverbial meaning. A sentence such as: | |||
:::*'''nιι:ω-nιo:ω-vvι''' | |||
:::[ʹcuhin ʹcuhpin ʹjijhɐ] | |||
:::blue-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> big-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> bird | |||
would carry one of two meanings. The first would be *''bluely big birds'' which does not make sense, so is incorrect. A further meaning for this phrase would indicate that '''nιo:ω-vvι''' [cuhpin ʹjijhɐ] was a compound noun, this would however have a different stress pattern as described previously. | |||
If we have a compound noun where the first element could be adjectival such as '''ιvυ:ω-vvι''' [hijɫin ʹjijhɐ] ‘hummingbird’ (literally hovering bird) it should be noted firstly that there is only one main stress on this, which will more often than not fall on the second element (there are a few exceptions such as when the second element is '''ɾυω''' [tunɐ] or '''oʌɾ''' [pidɐ], amongst others, where the first element will be the stress carrier). If we then add an additional adjective this will modify the whole compound and so the second adjective, i.e. the first element of the compound will not need a comitative suffix. | |||
:::'''nιι:ω-ιvυ:ω-vvι''' | |||
:::[ʹcuhin hijɫin ʹjijhɐ] | |||
:::blue-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> hover-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> bird | |||
:::''a blue hummingbird'' | |||
If however the comitative is added then the stress pattern will change thus: | |||
:::'''nιι:ω-ιvυ:ω:υ-vvι''' | |||
:::[ʹcuhin ʹhijɫinɫɐ ʹjijhɐ] | |||
:::blue-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> hover-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">com</span> bird | |||
:::''a blue hovering bird'' | |||
When there are multiple adjectives those which are more intrinsically linked to the noun they modify usually appear closer to the noun. However if one particular adjective is being emphasised then this will appear first. | |||
As an example in a noun phrase such as ''many large blue birds'' the order in which the adjectives are added will slightly change the emphasis. | |||
:::'''oωɾ:ω-nιo:ω:υ-nιι:ω:υ-vvι''' | |||
:::[ʹpindin ʹcuhpinɫɐ ʹcuhinɫɐ ʹjijhɐ] | |||
:::many-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> large-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">com</span> blue-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">com</span> bird | |||
Here we are referring to birds which are primarily blue, which happen to be large and there are many of this type of bird. | |||
:::'''oωɾ:ω-nιι:ω:υ-nιo:ω:υ-vvι''' | |||
:::[ʹpindin ʹcuhinɫɐ ʹcuhpinɫɐ ʹjijhɐ] | |||
:::many-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> blue-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">com</span> large-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">com</span> bird | |||
This time the birds are primarily large, but they happen also to be blue and again there are many of this type of bird. | |||
In both of these sentences the blueness and largeness of the bird is more intrinsic to the bird than the amount and so come after '''oωɾ:ω''' /ʹpindin/ ''many''. | |||
If, however, we wish to emphasise that the many large birds are blue and not yellow, say, then we would have the phrase: | |||
:::'''nιι:ω:υ-oωɾ:ω:υ-nιo:ω:υ-vvι''' | |||
:::[ʹcuhin ʹpindinɫɐ ʹcuhpinɫɐ ʹjijhɐ] | |||
:::blue-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> many-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">com</span> large-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">com</span> bird | |||
====Adjectives Derived from Verbs==== | |||
Adjectives which are derived from verbs can take a number of forms depending on whether the verb has a passive or active meaning and whether the adjective is still relevant or not. | |||
For example, to say ''the broken chair'' this could mean passively either a chair which has been broken and is still in this state, or one which has been broken, but has since been repaired. To say this in Mila we have the two phrases: | |||
:::'''ʌ:ʌɾn:ω-υɔɔ''' | |||
:::[iʹritcin ʹɫukɐ] | |||
:::<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pres</span>-break-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> chair | |||
which would mean that the chair is still broken, as we have a present prefix on the verb. | |||
:::'''ω:ʌɾn:ω-υɔɔ''' | |||
:::[inʹritcin ʹɫukɐ] | |||
:::<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">past</span>-break-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> chair | |||
however, with a past prefix, would indicate that the chair was once broken but is no longer, implying it had been mended. | |||
To demonstrate the difference between passive and active verbs used adjectivally we have the following phrase: | |||
:::'''ω:ɷvo:ω-vʌω''' | |||
:::[inʹmijbin ʹjinɐ] | |||
:::<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">past</span>-eat-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> pig | |||
would mean passively ‘the eaten pig’ (so a pig which had been eaten). This contrasts with: | |||
:::'''ʌ:ɷvo:ω-vʌω''' | |||
:::[iʹmijbin ʹjinɐ] | |||
:::<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pres</span>-eat-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> pig | |||
which, being in the present tense would be a pig which is currently being eaten. We can even have: | |||
:::'''ι:ɷvo:ω-vʌω''' | |||
:::[uhʹmijbin ʹjinɐ] | |||
:::<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">fut</span>-eat-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> pig | |||
which would indicate a pig which will be eaten. All of these have a passive meaning. If we wish to show that it is the pig which is eating then this can be done by dropping the tense marker. Thus: | |||
:::'''ɷvo:ω-vʌω''' | |||
:::[ʹmijbin ʹjinɐ] | |||
:::eat-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> pig | |||
means ‘the eating pig’ (so a pig which is eating). | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||