Minhast: Difference between revisions

Unlike other verb slots, where the affixes are strictly ordered in relation to each other, the affixes in the Preverb 3 slot exhibit free order, or to be more precise, they are scope-ordered. Within this slot, a given affix exhibits scope over the element immediately to its right. With few exceptions, several affixes may occur simultaneously, limited only by whether the combination "makes sense", i.e. the resulting semantic meaning is felicitous.

   

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible"

! Expective

| -naš-

|  

|-

# As this verb form creates a transitive clause, the Controller becomes the ergative argument and the Controllee becomes the absolutive argument.

# The ''-sassi-'' allomorph surfaces when immediately followed by an affix starting with /s, ʃ/, as in the Causative ''-šp-'' affix, e.g. ''Sassišpikallutekarūš'' "I wanted to make him eat" (i.e. I wanted to feed him), or with affixes that start with a consonant cluster such as the Cessative ''-kš-'', e.g. ''Sassikšikallutekarūš'' "I wanted him to stop eating".

|-

!  Aversive

| The Inchoative is primarily used to denote changes of state with stative verbs, e.g. ''saxpayyarkurran'' "He became black from the ashes", from the root ''-kūr-'' "to be black".  

|-

!Simulative

| -šupn- <br/>-šu- (+CC)

| to resemble  

Often found in combination with the verb root ''kifrak'' (to be the color of) + NI, meaning "to be x-colored", e.g. ''šupnikifrakteslakmahan/šukkifrakteslakmahan'' (to be algae-colored); also appears in complex verbs signifying "to play", "to pretend", etc.

When used with common food items, it derives the idiom, "To taste like", e.g. ''Šuttirappian'' "It tastes like tilapia" (also meaning, "This is boring").

|-

|-

!Completive

| to finish

| Indicates completion

! Case Role

! Affix

|-

! Dative

|-

! Benefactive

| -rak-

|-

! Instrumental

| -mat-

|-

! Locative

!  Transitivizer

|  -u- <br/> <br>-ū- <br/> -un-

|-

!  Antipassive

* ''-(u)mbāt'': found mostly in collective nouns, and some abstract nouns.  These nouns come from  Salmonic dialects and Classical Minhast sources;

* ''-ummāt, -mmāt'': also found mostly in collective nouns, and some abstract nouns.  These nouns come from Horse Speaker sources and are cognate with Salmonic ''-(u)mbāt'';

* ''-pnis'': habitual activities; words containing this suffix indicate Upper Minhast origins;

* ''-niwak'': habitual activities that occur daily; sometimes indicates a profession.  Most noticeable in the term ''hupniwak'', tools associated with carrying out daily functions, e.g. a flint stone for lighting fire (this term has also become a derogatory term for the City Speakers, since they serve as "tools" for administering domestic policy);

* ''-pa'': a deverbal that tends to denote abstract activities requiring several actors, e.g. ''nuyye-'' (to form an alliance), ''nuyye-pa'' (politics).  C.f. Nankôre ''Hôkun Pe''' "tribal council, meeting place".

* ''-uyyi''/''-ūy'': found mostly in abstract and some place nouns.  Derived respectively from Horse Speaker and Salmon Speaker sources, words containing these fossilized suffixes have not been adopted in great numbers into Modern Standard Minhast due to speakers from other dialects having pronunciation difficulties with the ''uy(yi)'' sequence.

<!--

|  

# runa  

| runa wa=

| warruna

| Connective

| This is actually a verbal clitic, not a particle.  It is always used in conjunction with ''kāra'' (see previous entry on ''kāra'')  

|-

! šukna

}}  

{{Gloss

| gloss = COM.APPL-eat-PST-IMPF-TRANS-NMLZ INVERSE.VOL-see-box-PST-IMPF-INTRANS  

| translation = While the other one ate, he watched tv. ''(lit. "The one (non-focus) who ate beside him (focus), he (focus) tv-watched.")'

===== Purposive =====

# Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth. And from there the Lord dispersed them over the face of all the earth.<br/><br/>

# Wahēk,  Šuxtānim Ikkūne hārannimā, ummurrat sut tuyyēran sararampi, išpiħyimannarunaft sarmannaru.

# Wahēk,  Šuxtānim Ikkūne kirimarannamā: "Sapim redad šūmikman, šūmī min kirimaran ittaħšikman,  indikanawikmabampi, rearan markanawikminesampiš."  

| translation = I see you have a problem of lawlessness in some of your less travelled roads.  A man, apparently suffering from a rabid dog bite, ambushed my party.  Some of us nearly shot him full of arrows, and others nearly ran him through with their šuhapna.  But we held fast and listened to this yapping fool tell us to do something about a dangerous bandit named Eró lurking just beyond the crossing at the brook.  I imagine he wanted me to have him put to death.  We ignored him, as we were very hungry and were already impatient with this delay. <br/><br/>Strange then it is when after we arrived here safely at Biktāt, I find a pile of letters waiting for me.  Letters from a man named Sorvin pleading me to "put in a kind word to Prefect Annu" to have Éro "disposed of", and that the lands that Éro had stolen be returned back to him.  Apparently this citizen of Dog Speaker Country thinks that the authority of his own Prefect can be overriden by the word of a foreign Ikkūne!

}}

== Addenda ==