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=='''Introduction'''==
=='''Introduction'''==
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |
!Dental
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Palatal
!Velar
!Velar
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! <small>Fortis</small>
|m
|n
|ɲ
|ŋ
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|p
|p
|t
|t
|
|c
|k
|k
|-
|-
! <small>Lenis</small>
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
|b
!<small>Unvoiced</small>
|d
|f
|
|θ&emsp;s
|g
|ç
|x
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
!<small>Voiced</small>
|
|v
|n
|ð
|
|ʝ
|
|ɣ
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|ɸ
|s
|
|x
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|
|
|j
|j&emsp;ɥ
|w
|w
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Lateral Approximant
! colspan="2" |Lateral Approx.
|
|
|l
|l
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|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Tap or Flap
! colspan="2" |Tap op flap
|
|
|ɾ
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!
! rowspan="2" |
! Front
! colspan="2" | Front
! Back
! Back
|-
! <small>Unrounded</small>
! <small>Rounded</small>
! <small>Rounded</small>
|-
|-
! Close
! Close
|i
|i
|y
|u
|u
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
|e
|e
|ø
|o
|o
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
|a
|a
|
|ɒ
|ɒ
|}
|}
==== Vowel Harmony ====
Muna has vowel harmony, which restricts the presence of vowels within a word to those belonging to the same group, defined by the first vowel in a stem. There are three groups: Front (front unrounded vowels), Neutral (front rounded vowels) and Back (back rounded vowels). Neutral vowels are transparent to the process, being allowed in any word. A word that begins with a neutral vowel or diphthong will default to back harmony.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


====Syllable structure====
==== Syllable structure ====
 
C1 (C2) (S1) V1 (S2) (C3) (C4)
 
==== Onset ====
 
;C


C1 (C2) (C3) V (C4) (C5)
:*Any consonant


====Onset====
;CC


*Any consonant
:*/p t k f θ x v ð ɣ/ followed by /ɾ l/
*Any plosive + /ɾ/
*Any fricative + /l/
*Any consonant except approximants + /j/
*Any plosive + /r/ + /j/
*Any fricative + /l/ + /j/


====Nucleus====
==== Nucleus ====


*Any vowel
:*Any vowel or diphthong
:**Diphthongs starting /j ɥ/ cannot follow velars
:**Rising diphthongs cannot follow palatals


====Coda====
==== Coda ====


*/n ɾ/ except before themselves
;C
*/l/ except before itself or /ɾ/


==='''Allophonic changes'''===
:*Any of /m n ɲ ŋ f s x ɾ l/
:**Nasals can only precede homorganic consonants


===Stress===
;CC


Stress falls in the first syllable unless the word has a non initial closed syllable (a syllable with coda) in which case it falls on the second syllable
:*/ɾ l/ followed by any stop or fricative
:**Only word finally or before simple onsets


=='''Orthography'''==
=='''Orthography'''==
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==='''Cases'''===
==='''Cases'''===
;Agentive
:The agentive case marks the agent of a ditransitive verb and the active subject of an intransitive verb
;Patientive
:The unmarked patientive case signals the patient of a ditransitive verb and the inactive subject of an intransitive verb.
;Dative
:The dative is used to mark the indirect object of a verb, the causee of a causative construction or the benefactive in an oblique argument.
;Genitive
:The genitive case marks various types of relationships between nouns. Declensing a noun with the genitive will indicate one of the following:
:*Relation: marks a noun as directly related to another in some way
:*Possesion: marks a noun as possessing another noun
:*Composition: marks a noun as the contents or composition of another noun
:*Description: marks a noun as a characteristic of another
;Instrumental
:The instrumental case marks a helper, an uninvolved companion, an instrument, a means of or a way of carrying out the action.


==='''Types of nouns'''===
==='''Types of nouns'''===
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===='''Denominalization'''====
===='''Denominalization'''====
=='''Adpositions'''==
==='''Adpositional phrase'''===


=='''Determiners'''==
=='''Determiners'''==
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=='''Verbs'''==
=='''Verbs'''==


==='''Verb structure'''===
===Verb structure===


==='''Verb phrase'''===
Compared to the rest of the language, verbs have very little inflectional morphology, only conjugating for tense and causativity
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 10px 15px;" | Adverb
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 10px 15px;" | Applicative<br />particle
| rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | Auxiliary
| rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Verb
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 10px 15px;" | Negation<br />particle
|-
| style="padding: 10px 15px;" | Auxiliary stem
| style="padding: 10px 15px;" | Aspect suffix
| style="padding: 10px 15px;" | Causative Prefix
| style="padding: 10px 15px;" | '''Verb Stem'''
| style="padding: 10px 15px;" | Tense suffix
|}


==='''Tense'''===
==='''Tense'''===


==='''Aspect'''===
Muna has a simple three-tense system in which the verb can be conjugated for past, present or future. However, these tense suffixes have to agree in number to the subject (or topic, if there's no subject present) of the sentence.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Past
! style="width: 100px;" | Present
! style="width: 100px;" | Future
|-
! Singular
|
|
|
|-
! Plural
|
|
|
|}
 
===Aspect===
 
Aspect is marked by using the singular tense suffixes in the auxiliary verb (called aspect suffixes in that position). While they are called aspects, two forms are actually a mix of tense and aspect, the retrospective (or perfect) and the prospective.
 
;Perfective ({{sc|pfv}})
:Unmarked
:The perfective describes an action as a whole without internal composition, it is also used to describe punctual events and the completions of events.
 
;Retrospective ({{sc|rtsp}})
:Marked as the past singular
:The retrospective describes past actions focusing on the present consequences to the reference time.
 
;Imperfective ({{sc|ipfv}})
:Marked as the present singular
:The imperfective describes actions that are ongoing, habitual or iterative.
 
;Prospective ({{sc|prsp}})
:Marked as the future singular
:The prospective focuses on the future consequences of a presently ongoing action.


==='''Mood'''===
==='''Mood'''===


==='''Direction'''===
Mood can be expressed by the use of one of three auxiliary verbs or through the use of serial verb constructions. Otherwise, it defaults to either indicative or imperative.
 
;Subjunctive/Volitive ({{sc|sbjv}} / {{sc|vol}})
:This auxiliary is used to describe events that are desired to happen or have happened. In non-future constructions it expresses the subjunctive mood, while in future constructions it expresses the volitive mood.
 
;Directive/Commissive/Prohibitive ({{sc|dir}} / {{sc|com}} / {{sc|proh}})
:This auxiliary expresses orders, requests and obligations. In positive constructions in past tense it expresses expectations, while in non-past tenses it expresses obligations, requests and orders. In negative constructions it can be used to express prohibitions in the future tense. If used in with a first person subject it can also be used to express promises.
 
;Conditional/Potential ({{sc|cond}} / {{sc|pot}})
:This auxiliary is used to express what may have been or be. It is the core for most conditional constructions in Muna.
 
==='''Polarity'''===
 
Verbs can be negated, or their polarity inverted, by adding a negation particle ({{sc|n}}) after them
 
==='''Direction/location'''===
 
Non-lexical verb direction/location can be expressed through the use of a limited set of adpositions as applicative particles, while these particles can elevate the oblique to the object of a clause, argument dropping often makes this process implicit.
 
Only intransitive verbs may be marked with the applicative particle, other verbs have to express direction and location through the use of prepositional phrases.
 
;To
:Expresses movement towards or into something, it is equivalent to the english prepositions to, into, onto and towards
 
;From
:Expresses movement away from something, it is equivalent to english from, off, out of, and away from
 
;Via
:Expresses movement along or using something, it's equivalents are through, across, along and by means of
 
;At
:Expresses movement within or in the vicinity of something, it is equivalent to inside, around, past, near and next to.


==='''Causativity'''===
==='''Causativity'''===
Causativity is marked by the causative ({{sc|caus}}) verb prefix, this makes the causant the subject of the verb, and the causee the indirect object.


==='''Types of verbs'''===
==='''Types of verbs'''===
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=='''Adjectives'''==
=='''Adjectives'''==
=='''Adpositions'''==
==='''Adpositional phrase'''===
=='''Particles'''==


=='''Synatx'''==
=='''Synatx'''==
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===='''Complement clauses'''====
===='''Complement clauses'''====
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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