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Muna (view source)

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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |
!Dental
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Palatal
!Velar
!Velar
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! <small>Fortis</small>
|m
|n
|ɲ
|ŋ
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|p
|p
|t
|t
|
|c
|k
|k
|-
|-
! <small>Lenis</small>
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
|b
!<small>Unvoiced</small>
|d
|f
|
|θ&emsp;s
|g
|ç
|-
|x
! colspan="2" | Nasal
|
|n
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
!<small>Voiced</small>
|ɸ
|v
|s
|ð
|
|ʝ
|x
|ɣ
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|
|
|j
|j&emsp;ɥ
|w
|w
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Lateral Approximant
! colspan="2" |Lateral Approx.
|
|
|l
|l
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|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Tap or Flap
! colspan="2" |Tap op flap
|
|
|ɾ
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!
! rowspan="2" |
! Front
! colspan="2" | Front
! Back
! Back
|-
! <small>Unrounded</small>
! <small>Rounded</small>
! <small>Rounded</small>
|-
|-
! Close
! Close
|i
|i
|y
|u
|u
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
|e
|e
|ø
|o
|o
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
|a
|a
|
|ɒ
|ɒ
|}
|}
==== Vowel Harmony ====
Muna has vowel harmony, which restricts the presence of vowels within a word to those belonging to the same group, defined by the first vowel in a stem. There are three groups: Front (front unrounded vowels), Neutral (front rounded vowels) and Back (back rounded vowels). Neutral vowels are transparent to the process, being allowed in any word. A word that begins with a neutral vowel or diphthong will default to back harmony.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


====Syllable structure====
==== Syllable structure ====


C1 (C2) (C3) V (C4) (C5)
C1 (C2) (S1) V1 (S2) (C3) (C4)


====Onset====
==== Onset ====


*Any consonant
;C
*Any plosive + /ɾ/
*Any fricative + /l/
*Any consonant except approximants + /j/
*Any plosive + /r/ + /j/
*Any fricative + /l/ + /j/


====Nucleus====
:*Any consonant


*Any vowel
;CC


====Coda====
:*/p t k f θ x v ð ɣ/ followed by /ɾ l/


*/n ɾ/ except before themselves
==== Nucleus ====
*/l/ except before itself or /ɾ/


===Stress===
:*Any vowel or diphthong
:**Diphthongs starting /j ɥ/ cannot follow velars
:**Rising diphthongs cannot follow palatals


Stress falls in the first syllable unless the word has a non initial closed syllable (a syllable with coda) in which case it falls on the second syllabl
==== Coda ====


===Allophonic changes===
;C


;Pre /j/ processes
:*Any of /m n ɲ ŋ f s x ɾ l/
:Almost all consonants undergo changes when followed by the palatal approximant within the same syllable
:**Nasals can only precede homorganic consonants
:{| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width: 30px;" | /p/
| rowspan="11" style="width: 30px;" | →
| style="width: 30px;" | [pʲ]
| rowspan="11" style="width: 30px; border-left: 1px solid #333;" | _ j
|-
| /b/
| [bʲ]
|-
| /ɸ/
| [ɸʲ]
|-
| /t/
| [t͡ʃ]
|-
| /d/
| [d͡ʒ]
|-
| /s/
| [ʃ]
|-
| /k/
| [c]
|-
| /g/
| [ɟ]
|-
| /x/
| [ç]
|-
| /l/
| [ʎ]
|-
| /n/
| [ɲ]
|}


;/n/ assimilation processes
;CC
:/n/ assimilates the place of articulation of following consonants cross-syllabically
:{| style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" style="width: 30px;" | /n/
| rowspan="3" style="width: 30px;" | →
| style="width: 30px;" | [m]
| rowspan="3" style="border-left: 1px solid #333;" |
| style="width: 30px; text-align:left" | _[labial]
|-
| [ɲ]
| style="text-align:left;" | _[palatal]
|-
| [ŋ]
| style="text-align:left;" | _[velar]
|}


;Vowel reduction
:*/ɾ l/ followed by any stop or fricative
:Vowels are devoiced and shortened word-finally after voiceless obstruents
:**Only word finally or before simple onsets
:{| style="text-align:center;"
| [+syllabic, +voice]
| style="width: 30px;" | →
| [+syllabic, −voice, short]
| &ensp;&#124;&ensp; [−voice, −sonorant]_#
|}


=='''Orthography'''==
=='''Orthography'''==
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==='''Cases'''===
==='''Cases'''===
;Agentive
:The agentive case marks the agent of a ditransitive verb and the active subject of an intransitive verb
;Patientive
:The unmarked patientive case signals the patient of a ditransitive verb and the inactive subject of an intransitive verb.
;Dative
:The dative is used to mark the indirect object of a verb, the causee of a causative construction or the benefactive in an oblique argument.
;Genitive
:The genitive case marks various types of relationships between nouns. Declensing a noun with the genitive will indicate one of the following:
:*Relation: marks a noun as directly related to another in some way
:*Possesion: marks a noun as possessing another noun
:*Composition: marks a noun as the contents or composition of another noun
:*Description: marks a noun as a characteristic of another
;Instrumental
:The instrumental case marks a helper, an uninvolved companion, an instrument, a means of or a way of carrying out the action.


==='''Types of nouns'''===
==='''Types of nouns'''===
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===='''Denominalization'''====
===='''Denominalization'''====
=='''Adpositions'''==
==='''Adpositional phrase'''===


=='''Determiners'''==
=='''Determiners'''==
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==='''Polarity'''===
==='''Polarity'''===


Verbs can be negated, or their polarity inverted, by adding a negation particle after them
Verbs can be negated, or their polarity inverted, by adding a negation particle ({{sc|n}}) after them


==='''Direction/location'''===
==='''Direction/location'''===


Non-lexical verb direction/location can be expressed through the use of a limited set of adpositions as applicative particles, while these particles can elevate the oblique to the object of a clause, argument dropping often makes this process implicit.
Non-lexical verb direction/location can be expressed through the use of a limited set of adpositions as applicative particles, while these particles can elevate the oblique to the object of a clause, argument dropping often makes this process implicit.
Only intransitive verbs may be marked with the applicative particle, other verbs have to express direction and location through the use of prepositional phrases.


;To
;To
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==='''Causativity'''===
==='''Causativity'''===


Causativity is marked by the causative verb prefix, this makes the causant the subject of the verb, and the causee the indirect object.
Causativity is marked by the causative ({{sc|caus}}) verb prefix, this makes the causant the subject of the verb, and the causee the indirect object.


==='''Types of verbs'''===
==='''Types of verbs'''===
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=='''Adjectives'''==
=='''Adjectives'''==
=='''Adpositions'''==
==='''Adpositional phrase'''===


=='''Particles'''==
=='''Particles'''==
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===='''Complement clauses'''====
===='''Complement clauses'''====
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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