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Muna: Difference between revisions

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Muna (view source)

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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |
!Dental
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Palatal
!Velar
!Velar
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! <small>Fortis</small>
|m
|n
|ɲ
|ŋ
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|p
|p
|t
|t
|
|c
|k
|k
|-
|-
! <small>Lenis</small>
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
|b
!<small>Unvoiced</small>
|d
|f
|
|θ&emsp;s
|g
|ç
|x
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
!<small>Voiced</small>
|
|v
|n
|ð
|
|ʝ
|
|ɣ
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|ɸ
|s
|
|x
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|
|
|j
|j&emsp;ɥ
|w
|w
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Lateral Approximant
! colspan="2" |Lateral Approx.
|
|
|l
|l
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|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Tap or Flap
! colspan="2" |Tap op flap
|
|
|ɾ
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!
! rowspan="2" |
! Front
! colspan="2" | Front
! Back
! Back
|-
! <small>Unrounded</small>
! <small>Rounded</small>
! <small>Rounded</small>
|-
|-
! Close
! Close
|i
|i
|y
|u
|u
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
|e
|e
|ø
|o
|o
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
|a
|a
|
|ɒ
|ɒ
|}
|}
==== Vowel Harmony ====
Muna has vowel harmony, which restricts the presence of vowels within a word to those belonging to the same group, defined by the first vowel in a stem. There are three groups: Front (front unrounded vowels), Neutral (front rounded vowels) and Back (back rounded vowels). Neutral vowels are transparent to the process, being allowed in any word. A word that begins with a neutral vowel or diphthong will default to back harmony.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


====Syllable structure====
==== Syllable structure ====


C1 (C2) (C3) V (C4) (C5)
C1 (C2) (S1) V1 (S2) (C3) (C4)


====Onset====
==== Onset ====


*Any consonant
;C
*Any plosive + /ɾ/
*Any fricative + /l/
*Any consonant except approximants + /j/
*Any plosive + /r/ + /j/
*Any fricative + /l/ + /j/


====Nucleus====
:*Any consonant


*Any vowel
;CC


====Coda====
:*/p t k f θ x v ð ɣ/ followed by /ɾ l/


*/n ɾ/ except before themselves
==== Nucleus ====
*/l/ except before itself or /ɾ/


===Stress===
:*Any vowel or diphthong
:**Diphthongs starting /j ɥ/ cannot follow velars
:**Rising diphthongs cannot follow palatals


Stress falls in the first syllable unless the word has a non initial closed syllable (a syllable with coda) in which case it falls on the second syllabl
==== Coda ====


===Allophonic changes===
;C


;Pre /j/ processes
:*Any of /m n ɲ ŋ f s x ɾ l/
:Almost all consonants undergo changes when followed by the palatal approximant within the same syllable
:**Nasals can only precede homorganic consonants
:{| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width: 30px;" | /p/
| rowspan="11" style="width: 30px;" | →
| style="width: 30px;" | [pʲ]
| rowspan="11" style="width: 30px; border-left: 1px solid #333;" | _ j
|-
| /b/
| [bʲ]
|-
| /ɸ/
| [ɸʲ]
|-
| /t/
| [t͡ʃ]
|-
| /d/
| [d͡ʒ]
|-
| /s/
| [ʃ]
|-
| /k/
| [c]
|-
| /g/
| [ɟ]
|-
| /x/
| [ç]
|-
| /l/
| [ʎ]
|-
| /n/
| [ɲ]
|}


;/n/ assimilation processes
;CC
:/n/ assimilates the place of articulation of following consonants cross-syllabically
:{| style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" style="width: 30px;" | /n/
| rowspan="3" style="width: 30px;" | →
| style="width: 30px;" | [m]
| rowspan="3" style="border-left: 1px solid #333;" |
| style="width: 30px; text-align:left" | _[labial]
|-
| [ɲ]
| style="text-align:left;" | _[palatal]
|-
| [ŋ]
| style="text-align:left;" | _[velar]
|}


;Vowel reduction
:*/ɾ l/ followed by any stop or fricative
:Vowels are devoiced and shortened word-finally after voiceless obstruents
:**Only word finally or before simple onsets
:{| style="text-align:center;"
| [+syllabic, +voice]
| style="width: 30px;" | →
| [+syllabic, −voice, short]
| &ensp;&#124;&ensp; [−voice, −sonorant]_#
|}


=='''Orthography'''==
=='''Orthography'''==
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==='''Cases'''===
==='''Cases'''===
;Agentive
:The agentive case marks the agent of a ditransitive verb and the active subject of an intransitive verb
;Patientive
:The unmarked patientive case signals the patient of a ditransitive verb and the inactive subject of an intransitive verb.
;Dative
:The dative is used to mark the indirect object of a verb, the causee of a causative construction or the benefactive in an oblique argument.
;Genitive
:The genitive case marks various types of relationships between nouns. Declensing a noun with the genitive will indicate one of the following:
:*Relation: marks a noun as directly related to another in some way
:*Possesion: marks a noun as possessing another noun
:*Composition: marks a noun as the contents or composition of another noun
:*Description: marks a noun as a characteristic of another
;Instrumental
:The instrumental case marks a helper, an uninvolved companion, an instrument, a means of or a way of carrying out the action.


==='''Types of nouns'''===
==='''Types of nouns'''===
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===='''Denominalization'''====
===='''Denominalization'''====
=='''Adpositions'''==
==='''Adpositional phrase'''===


=='''Determiners'''==
=='''Determiners'''==
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=='''Adjectives'''==
=='''Adjectives'''==
=='''Adpositions'''==
==='''Adpositional phrase'''===


=='''Particles'''==
=='''Particles'''==
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===='''Complement clauses'''====
===='''Complement clauses'''====
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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