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Naeng (view source)

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'''Naeng''' (''fi brits Dămea'' /vɪ brits dəmɛ/ or ''fi brits Neng'' /... naeŋ/; [[Eevo]]: ''a łynǿñ Dymee'' or ''a łynǿñ Neng'') is a [[Lakovic]] language belonging to the Naengic branch. It is also known as '''Ashanian''' (e.g. ''ne Qaśenin'' in [[Netagin]], specifically for Classical Naeng, ''Xānimiz'' /ʃaːnimis/ in [[Naquian]]) or '''Tergetian''' (e.g. ''døluder Terged'' in [[Tseer]], ''tergetosin'' in [[Clofabosin]]) in various Trician languages. It is more distantly related to [[Tseer]] and [[Häskä]].
'''Naeng''' (''fi brits Dămea'' /vɪ brits dəmɛ/ or ''fi brits Neng'' /... naeŋ/; [[Eevo]]: ''a łynǿñ Dymee'' or ''a łynǿñ Neng'') is a [[Lakovic]] language belonging to the Naengic branch. It is also known as '''Ashanian''' (e.g. ''ne Qaśenin'' in [[Netagin]], specifically for Classical Naeng, ''zinAxān'' /sinaʃaːn/ in [[Naquian]]) or '''Tergetian''' (e.g. ''døluder Terged'' in [[Tseer]], ''tergetosin'' in [[Clofabosin]]) in various Trician languages. It is more distantly related to [[Tseer]], [[Ksieh]] and other Lakovic languages.


Modern Naeng is a revived koine/lingua franca/creole arising from various Classical Naeng reading and interpretive traditions, and some scholars believe that Modern Naeng grammar doesn't directly continue that of Classical Naeng. An even more unorthodox view proposed by modern linguist Hăyad Săfărchal is that Modern Naeng should be thought of as a Lakovic-Netagin-Nurian hybrid language, unlike Tseer and [[Tergetian vernaculars]] which are true Lakovic languages; he thinks Modern Naeng is in part a relexification of Netagin and Nurian with Classical Naeng words, and he proposes that it be renamed to ''fi brits Biechănd'' or the Bjeheondian language. This hypothesis is challenged by Prăfin of Bălang and other scholars of creoles and sprachbunds in Tricin, who cited various historical intermediate stages of Naeng which appeared in writing (e.g. works by Etsoj Jopah) and in folk songs. For example, the polite pronoun ''Pra'' (from ''pida'' 'sage'), which is post-Classical, is found in ___'s letters.
Modern Naeng is a revived koine/lingua franca/creole arising from various Classical Naeng reading and interpretive traditions, and some scholars believe that Modern Naeng grammar doesn't directly continue that of Classical Naeng. An even more unorthodox view proposed by modern linguist Lămanoa Wadangpaş is that Modern Naeng should be thought of as a Lakovic-Netagin-Nurian hybrid language, unlike Tseer and [[Tergetian vernaculars]] which are true Lakovic languages; he thinks Modern Naeng is in part a relexification of Netagin and Nurian with Classical Naeng words, and he proposes that it be renamed to ''fi brits Biechănd'' or the Bjeheondian language. This hypothesis is challenged by Prăfin of Bălang and other scholars of creoles and sprachbunds in Tricin, who cited various historical intermediate stages of Naeng which appeared in writing (e.g. works by Etsoj Jopah) and in folk songs. For example, the polite pronoun ''Pra'' (from ''pida'' 'sage'), which is post-Classical, is found in ___'s letters.


Today, Naeng is the majority language of Pategia and Quintlopetl, and a prominent minority language of the [[Verse:Tricin/USB|USB]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Tumhan|Tumhan]]. In [[Talma]] Classical Naeng was replaced with vernacular Naeng varieties (called the [[Tergetian vernaculars|Tergetian languages]]) and other languages. With 220 million native and L2 speakers, it is the fifth most widely spoken language and the most widely spoken [[Lakovic]] language. It forms the [[Bjeheond]]ian sprachbund with [[Netagin]] vernaculars, [[Trây]], [[Gwnax]], and most other Bjeheondian languages.  
Today, Naeng is the majority language of Pategia and Quintlopetl, and a prominent minority language of the [[Verse:Tricin/USB|USB]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Tumhan|Tumhan]]. In [[Talma]] Classical Naeng was replaced with vernacular Naeng varieties (called the [[Tergetian vernaculars|Tergetian languages]]) and other languages. It forms the [[Bjeheond]]ian sprachbund with [[Netagin]] vernaculars, [[Trây]], [[Gwnax]], and most other Bjeheondian languages.  


{{Windermere sidebar}}
{{Windermere sidebar}}
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==Todo==
==Todo==
Lakovic no longer has gneder; get rid of gendered pronouns?
Should th be dental d~t (and d, t alveolar~retro)?
Should th be dental d~t (and d, t alveolar~retro)?


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More directional markers which work like serial verbs besides seaf/drel?
More directional markers which work like serial verbs besides seaf/drel?
CWdm drel/seaf replaced with Slavic motion verbs? (Netagin influence)


==Diachronics==
==Diachronics==
===Phonological history===
===Phonological history===
*Classical Wdm. /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ become /f θ x/; /f θ/ gain voiced realizations
*PLak i e a ā o u in unstressed syllables → CNaeng ĭ ĭ Ø ă ǎ Ø
*Classical Wdm. reduced vowels ''ă'' /ɔ/ and ''ĭ'' /ɨ/ merge into ''ă'' /ə/
*Classical Naeng /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ become /f θ x/; /f θ/ gain voiced realizations
*Classical Naeng reduced vowels ''ă'' /ɔ/ and ''ĭ'' /ɨ/ merge into ''ă'' /ə/
*Breathy vowels become separate vowel phonemes:
*Breathy vowels become separate vowel phonemes:
**CWdm a e i o u ü → MidWdm ɑ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ ʏ → ModWdm a e ie o ua üe
**CNaeng a e i o u ü → MidNaeng ɑ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ ʏ → ModNaeng /ɒ ae ɪ ao u ø/
**CWdm à è ì ò ù ǜ → MidWdm æ e i o u y → ModWdm ä ea i oa u ü
**CNaeng à è ì ò ù ǜ → MidNaeng æ e i o u y → ModNaeng /æ e i o ʉ y/
*Classical Naeng ''ts'' and ''tł'' merged into /ts/, while ''ł'' (Basque s in Classical) shifted to /ɬ/ (occasional tł -> ł in a few words)
*Classical Naeng ''ts'' and ''tł'' merged into /ts/, while ''ł'' (Basque s in Classical) shifted to /ɬ/ (occasional tł -> ł in a few words)


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! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial<br/>''mofăsing''
!  |Labial<br/>''mofăsing''
!  |Dental<br/>''mogloł''
!  |Alveolar<br/>''mosăbies''
!  |Alveolar<br/>''mosăbies''
!  |Lateral<br/>''molăgoan''
!  |Lateral<br/>''molăgoan''
!  |Palatal<br/>''moyăclech''
!  |Palatal<br/>''moyălech''
!  |Velar<br/>''moscong''
!  |Velar<br/>''moscong''
!  |Glottal<br/>''motășac''
!  |Glottal<br/>''motășac''
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! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal<br/>''mocră'i''
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal<br/>''mocră'i''
| '''m''' /m/
| '''m''' /m/
|
| '''n''' /n/  
| '''n''' /n/  
|  
|  
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! |<small>voiced<br/>''yătger''</small>
! |<small>voiced<br/>''yătger''</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''b''' /b/
| '''th''' /d{{den}}/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''d''' /d/
|  
|  
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! |<small>voiceless<br/>''chatger''</small>
! |<small>voiceless<br/>''chatger''</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''p''' /p/
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''t''' /t/
|  
|  
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! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate<br/>''bintsăda''
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate<br/>''bintsăda''
|  
|  
|
| '''ts, tł''' /ts/
| '''ts, tł''' /ts/
|  
|  
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! |<small>spirant<br/>''binthăre''</small>
! |<small>spirant<br/>''binthăre''</small>
| '''f''' /v/
| '''f''' /v/
| '''th''' /ð/
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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! |<small>nonspirant <br/>''binsăreaf''</small>
! |<small>nonspirant <br/>''binsăreaf''</small>
|  
|  
|
| '''s''' /z/
| '''s''' /z/
| '''ł''' /ɬ/
| '''ł''' /ɬ/
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| '''w''' /w/
| '''w''' /w/
|  
|  
|
| '''l''' /l/
| '''l''' /l/
| '''y''' /j/
| '''y''' /j/
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/h/ is [ɦ] between voiced sounds. Many speakers drop /ʔ/ and /h/ in casual speech.
/h/ is [ɦ] between voiced sounds. Many speakers drop /ʔ/ and /h/ in casual speech.


Voiceless stops /p t k/ are usually unaspirated [p⁼ t⁼ k⁼]. Voiced stops /b d g/ are fully voiced. Front fricatives /v ð z/ are by default voiced [v ð z]; they only devoice to [f θ s] when followed by an "inherently voiceless" consonant, i.e. one of /p t k ts x h ʔ/. (Thus obstruent voicing assimilation can be said to work like in Slavic languages or Israeli Hebrew.)
Voiceless stops /p t k/ are usually unaspirated [p⁼ t⁼ k⁼]. Voiced stops /b d{{den}} d g/ are fully voiced. Front fricatives /v z/ are by default voiced [v z]; they only devoice to [f s] when followed by an "inherently voiceless" consonant, i.e. one of /p t k ts x h ʔ/. (Thus obstruent voicing assimilation can be said to work like in Slavic languages or Israeli Hebrew.)


/əm ən əl ər/ become [m̩ n̩ l̩ ɐ] in closed unstressed syllables.
/əm ən əl ər/ become [m̩ n̩ l̩ ɐ] in closed unstressed syllables.
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''ff thth ss'' may be used to transcribe /f θ s/ in other languages.
''ff thth ss'' may be used to transcribe /f θ s/ in other languages.


===Vowels (''motrăway'')===
===Vowels (''motger'')===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
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*/ɒ æ e o/ are [ɒ̝ æ̝ ɛ̝ ɔ̝].
*/ɒ æ e o/ are [ɒ̝ æ̝ ɛ̝ ɔ̝].
*In most accents, '''ir''' = '''ier''', '''ür''' = '''üer''', '''ur''' = '''uar'''.
*In most accents, '''ir''' = '''ier''', '''ür''' = '''üer''', '''ur''' = '''uar'''.
*Stressed '''ă''' is used mainly in loans from [[Tseer]].
*Stressed '''ă''' is used mainly in loans from [[Scellan]] (in Crackfic Tricin, English).
====R-vocalization====
====R-vocalization====
/ʁ/ vocalizes to [ɐ] when not before a vowel, as follows:
/ʁ/ vocalizes to [ɐ] when not before a vowel, as follows:
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*''or'' → [ɔɐ]
*''or'' → [ɔɐ]
*''ar'' = ''är'' → [aː]
*''ar'' = ''är'' → [aː]
*Vocalization of R has caused a chain vowel shift in stressed vowels Std. Wdm. (these shifts don't occur for e o before w/y):
*Vocalization of R has caused a chain vowel shift in stressed vowels Std. Naeng (these shifts don't occur for e o before w/y):
**''ie üe ua ea oa'' > [ɪ ø u ɛ̝ ɔ̝]
**''ie üe ua ea oa'' > [ɪ ø u ɛ̝ ɔ̝]
**''u e o'' > [ʉ ae ao]
**''u e o'' > [ʉ ae ao]
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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
=== Classical script ===
=== Classical script ===
This script is the one used in the Mărotłite sacred texts (the Imθumăytil and other pidaic writings) and other Classical Naeng texts. It descends from Talmic runes and is thus a sister of the Talmic alphabet, which is used for [[Talmic]] languages. Nowadays it is mainly used for religious (Mărotłite announcements/edicts/rulings/etc.), ceremonial, and decorative purposes.
This script is the one used in the Mărotłite sacred texts (the Imθumăytil and other pidaic writings) and other Classical Naeng texts. It descends from Talmic runes and is thus a sister of the Talmic alphabet, which is used for [[Talmic languages]]. Nowadays it is mainly used for religious (Mărotłite announcements/edicts/rulings/etc.), ceremonial, and decorative purposes.
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
Consonants have capital and lowercase forms. Names and extremely respectful pronouns are written in all caps.
Consonants have capital and lowercase forms. Names and extremely respectful pronouns are written in all caps.
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=== Modern script ===
=== Modern script ===
[[File:Bjeheondian Naeng script.png|thumbnail|The modern Naeng script]]


The modern Naeng script is an abugida related to Idavic scripts. It derives from an old Bjeheondian runic alphabet, which was in turn an adaptation of an even older logographic writing system used by the Dábhiaŋal (Wdm. ''Dobingal'') civilization (from ancient Erkwisngwal).
The modern Naeng script is an abugida related to Idavic scripts. It derives from an old Bjeheondian runic alphabet, which was in turn an adaptation of an even older logographic writing system used by the Dábhiaŋal (Naeng ''Dobingal'') civilization (from ancient Erkwisngwal).


Should look square-ish like both Hebrew and Khmer
Should look square-ish like both Hebrew and Khmer
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:''You don't let fire burn in a closed room.''
:''You don't let fire burn in a closed room.''


In Early Modern Naeng, ''Pra'' was sometimes a third person pronoun but this is archaic. ''Ĭmpra'' is an obsolete plural form of ''Pra''; nowadays ''Pra'' is used regardless of number.
In Middle Naeng, ''Pra'' was sometimes a third person pronoun but this is archaic. ''Ĭmpra'' is an obsolete plural form of ''Pra''; nowadays ''Pra'' is used regardless of number.


''Łănam'' is used as a very respectful 2nd person pronoun, restricted to addressing royalty and divine figures.
''Łănam'' is used as a very respectful 2nd person pronoun, restricted to addressing royalty and divine figures.
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The gendered demonstratives ''sen/ses'' 'this man/this woman' and ''fin/fis'' 'that man/that woman' are literary.
The gendered demonstratives ''sen/ses'' 'this man/this woman' and ''fin/fis'' 'that man/that woman' are literary.
Gender-neutral neopronouns in the 2sg informal and 3sg are considered pretty much necessary by people who want them, because singular ''łănam'' already has a function as an archaic polite pronoun. The neopronouns ''łe'' for 2sg and ''ie'' for 3sg are now the default neopronouns.


===Demonstratives===
===Demonstratives===
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*Polite: ''Tsrin e Pra!''
*Polite: ''Tsrin e Pra!''
*Very polite: ''Tsrin e Łănam!'' or ''Hay tsrin e Łănam!''
*Very polite: ''Tsrin e Łănam!'' or ''Hay tsrin e Łănam!''
*Cohortative: ''Tsrin e bang!'' (Let's eat!)
*Cohortative: (formal) ''Tsrin e bang!'' (Let's eat!), (colloquial) ''Măluac tsrin!'' (lit. follow eat)
Archaic style may use the vocative particle ''ha'' or ''hay'': ''Hay tsrin...''.
Archaic style may use the vocative particle ''ha'' or ''hay'': ''Hay tsrin...''.


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|-
|-
| to go by foot, to walk
| to go by foot, to walk
| ''tmuay'' (< ''tăm'uay'' 'to travel') || ''năbül''
| ''tmuay'' (< ''tăm'uay'' 'to travel') || ''nămchül''
|-
|-
| to go with a land vehicle<small>
| to go with a land vehicle<small>
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|-
|-
| to go in
| to go in
| ''ngă'ü'' || ''ngăm'ü''
| ''hădean'' || ''hămtean''
|-
|-
| to go out; to originate; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings)
| to go out; to originate; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings)
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|-
|-
| to run  
| to run  
| ''ben'' || ''ămben''
| ''chi'' || ''cămhi''
|-
|-
| to swim  
| to swim  
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|-
|-
| to climb
| to climb
| ||  
| ''hămoch'' || ''hithmoch''
|-
|-
| to jump
| to jump
| ||  
| ''ștüp'' || ''thuștüp''
|-
|-
| to crawl  
| to crawl  
| ||  
| ''tgär'' || ''trăgär''
|-
|-
| to fall (of animates)<br/>to go down (of inanimates)
| to fall (of animates)<br/>to go down (of inanimates)
| ||  
| ''łăpaw'' || ''tăłpaw''
|-
|-
| to dive, go into water
| to dive, go into water
| ||  
| ''tscur'' || ''tscărcur''
|-
|-
| to carry, bring (on foot)
| to carry, bring (on foot)
| ||  
| ''fngün'' || ''fămngün''
|-
|-
| to carry, bring (using a vehicle) <small>(trans.)</small>
| to carry, bring (using a vehicle) <small>(trans.)</small>
| ||  
| ''saf'' || ''sămhaf''
|-
|-
| to pull, drag <small>(trans.)</small>  
| to pull, drag <small>(trans.)</small>  
| ||  
| ''năfor'' || ''nărfor''
|-
|-
| to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead
| to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead
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*''per chmi'' = future progressive  
*''per chmi'' = future progressive  
*''hos'' = conditional
*''hos'' = conditional
*fnga = can
* tsămfe = 'situationally can'
*fnga = can, to know how to
*poar = like to
*poar = like to
*thăgem = want to
*thăgem = want to
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*te = and
*te = and
*uy = xor
*uy = xor
*soas = or (either one of two)
*soał = or (either one of two)
*seam = but (however)
*seam = but (however)
*chăbec = (higher register) however
*chăbec = (higher register) however
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===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
Classical Naeng inflected prepositions survive in Modern Naeng (in fact ''*ya rie'' for 'with me' is incorrect as in CWdm) but are only used in formal or written Naeng. Spoken Naeng uses directionals and verbs of motion instead of inflected prepositions.  
Classical Naeng inflected prepositions survive in Modern Naeng (in fact ''*ya rie'' for 'with me' is incorrect as in CNaeng) but are only used in formal or written Naeng. Spoken Naeng uses directionals and verbs of motion instead of inflected prepositions.  


The regular pronominal affixes:
The regular pronominal affixes:
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*woach: behind
*woach: behind
*łăgie: after
*łăgie: after
*bar: through
*bath: through
*ștal: along
*ștal: along
*ngĭ prăwim: according to
*ngĭ prăwim: according to
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: ''Rie sișpeal die tsäl''
: ''Rie sișpeal die tsäl''
: 'I don't understand [what was said]' (lit. I hear not understand)
: 'I don't understand [what was said]' (lit. I hear not understand)
: ''fi inthar ngi'üt chwäp hămtean fi tar imhareach''
: DEF raven bring.ATEL light enter.ATEL DEF house PL-story
: 'Raven brings light into the house of stories'


===Inversion===
===Inversion===
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*''lă'' = verbalizer (how productive?)
*''lă'' = verbalizer (how productive?)
*''yă-'' = adjectivizer
*''yă-'' = adjectivizer
*''neach-'' (Classical Wdm plural ''luc-'') = agentive
*''neach-'' = agentive
*''nu-'' = agentive (Classical Naeng; and productive to an extent in Modern Naeng)
*''nu-'' = agentive (Classical Naeng; and productive to an extent in Modern Naeng)
*''pa-'' = patientive (from Old Naeng *p + *ha)
*''pa-'' = patientive (from Old Naeng *p + *ha)
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Should inflectional tam be more complex?
Should inflectional tam be more complex?
====Concatenation====
====Concatenation====
Head-initial concatenation is often used to derive expressions that would correspond to words in English. Concatenated expressions are hyphenated, e.g. ''hălwier-chne'' 'mathematics' (lit. 'beauty of ideal/order').
Head-initial concatenation is often used to derive expressions that would correspond to words in English: e.g. ''hălwier-chne'' 'mathematics' (lit. 'beauty of ideal/order').


The resulting meaning from concatenation is not always entirely predictable:  
The resulting meaning from concatenation is not always entirely predictable:  
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===The Round Table===
===The Round Table===
This passage is from the ''Imthumitil Păchlac'', a retranslation of the [[Verse:Tricin/Imθumitil|Imθumitil]] into Modern Naeng by Yăchef Clay.
This passage is from the ''Imthumitil Păchlac'', a retranslation of the [[Verse:Tricin/Imθumitil|Imθumitil]] into Modern Naeng by Pida Yăchef Samarasang.


{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Modern Wdm.
Modern Naeng


''Mĭ ngith doan chea chmi dur es tach ĭmchäth mĭs mogor litheath. Fĭ Pĭda Brăwied chea sray bĭntăbiets: "Łănam mot mea ra hăngüs?"''
''Mĭ ngith doan chea chmi dur es tach ĭmchäth mĭs mogor litheath. Fĭ Pĭda Brăwied chea sray bĭntăbiets: "Łănam mot mea ra hăngüs?"''


''Swe chea chmi chnung e müets ĭmchäth hăsüs, se doan chäth chea plawăsma: "Șrüch stiw! Ruay mĭ tsum ĭmmognas tach dunse, ĭmmălin thaf müets, ĭmchustiw liew, ĭmchusmäch thaf müets, ĭmchumüets tach, te doan ĭmchutach."''
''Swe chea chmi chnung e müets ĭmchäth hăsüs, se doan chäth chea plawăsma: "Șrüch stiw! Ruay mĭ tsum ĭmmognas tach dunse, ĭmmălin thaf müets, ĭmchustiw liew, ĭmchusmech thaf müets, ĭmchumüets tach, te doan ĭmchutach."''


''Prăyon nga fĭ Pĭda Brăwied chea tăbiets: "Wăhang, hos ruay mea ra hăngüs, srüe placäp e do croth hĭboath șaf tĭ'uar?"''
''Prăyon nga fĭ Pĭda Brăwied chea tăbiets: "Wăhang, hos ruay mea ra hăngüs, srüe placäp e do croth hĭboath șaf tĭ'uar?"''
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''Fĭ Pida chea sngiem șaf chäth mĭ ngil, "Fĭ chäth se eth ruay hăltsrüeng mi finaw."''
''Fĭ Pida chea sngiem șaf chäth mĭ ngil, "Fĭ chäth se eth ruay hăltsrüeng mi finaw."''
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Original (Classical Wdm.)
Original (Classical Naeng)


''Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.''
''Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.''


''Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."''
''Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts sălmeχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."''


''"Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.''
''"Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.''
IlL
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