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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Texts]]<br/> | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Texts]]<br/> | ||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Translations]]<br/> | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Translations]]<br/> | ||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{PAGENAME}}| | [[{{PAGENAME}}/{{PAGENAME}}|Fi tbeach fi mi-brits Dămea]]<br/> | ||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]<br/> | [[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]<br/> | ||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]] | [[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]] | ||
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|nativename = fi brits Dămea | |nativename = fi brits Dămea | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= | ||
|setting = [[Verse: | |setting = [[Verse:Hmøøh]] | ||
|region = Pategia, Bjeheond, Quintlopetl, ... | |region = Pategia, Bjeheond, Quintlopetl, ... | ||
|speakers=220 million | |speakers=220 million | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Naeng''' (''fi | '''Naeng''' (''fi cduay Dămea'' /vɪi gduəj dəmeə/ or ''fi cduay Neng'' /... naeŋ/; [[Eevo]]: ''a łynǿñ Dymee'' or ''a łynǿñ Neng'') is a [[Lakovic]] language belonging to the Naengic branch. It is also known as '''Ashanian''' (e.g. ''ne Qaśenin'' in [[Netagin]], specifically for Classical Naeng, ''zinAxān'' /sinaʃaːn/ in [[Naquian]]) or '''Tergetian''' (e.g. ''døluder Terged'' in [[Tseer]], ''tergetosin'' in [[Clofabosin]]) in various Hmøøhian languages. It is more distantly related to [[Tseer]], [[Ksieh]] and other Lakovic languages. | ||
Modern Naeng is a revived koine/lingua franca/creole arising from various Classical Naeng reading and interpretive traditions, and some scholars believe that Modern Naeng grammar doesn't directly continue that of Classical Naeng. An even more unorthodox view proposed by modern linguist Lămanoa Wadangpaş is that Modern Naeng should be thought of as a Lakovic-Netagin-Nurian hybrid language, unlike | Modern Naeng is a revived koine/lingua franca/creole arising from various Classical Naeng reading and interpretive traditions, and some scholars believe that Modern Naeng grammar doesn't directly continue that of Classical Naeng. An even more unorthodox view proposed by modern linguist Lămanoa Wadangpaş is that Modern Naeng should be thought of as a Lakovic-Netagin-Nurian hybrid language, unlike [[Tergetian vernaculars]] (descendants of Classical Tseer) which are true Lakovic languages; he thinks Modern Naeng is in part a relexification of Netagin and Nurian with Classical Naeng words, and he proposes that it be renamed to ''fi brits Biechănd'' or the Bjeheondian language. This hypothesis is challenged by Prăfin of Bălang and other scholars of creoles and sprachbunds in Hmøøh, who cited various historical intermediate stages of Naeng which appeared in writing (e.g. works by Etsoj Jopah) and in folk songs. For example, the polite pronoun ''Pra'' (from ''pida'' 'sage'), which is post-Classical, is found in ___'s letters. | ||
Today, Naeng is the majority language of Pategia and Quintlopetl, and a prominent minority language of the [[Verse: | Today, Naeng is the majority language of Pategia and Quintlopetl, and a prominent minority language of the [[Verse:Hmøøh/USB|USB]] and [[Verse:Hmøøh/Tumhan|Tumhan]]. In [[Talma]] Classical Naeng was replaced with vernacular Tseer varieties (called the [[Tergetian vernaculars|Tergetian languages]]) and other languages. It forms the [[Bjeheond]]ian sprachbund with [[Netagin]] vernaculars, [[Trây]], [[Gwnax]], and most other Bjeheondian languages. | ||
{{ | {{Naeng sidebar}} | ||
==External history== | ==External history== | ||
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! |Dental<br/>''mogloł'' | ! |Dental<br/>''mogloł'' | ||
! |Alveolar<br/>''mosăbies'' | ! |Alveolar<br/>''mosăbies'' | ||
! |Lateral<br/>'' | ! |Lateral<br/>''molăngoan'' | ||
! |Palatal<br/>'' | ! |Palatal<br/>''moyălech'' | ||
! |Velar<br/>''moscong'' | ! |Velar<br/>''moscong'' | ||
! |Glottal<br/>''motășac'' | ! |Glottal<br/>''motășac'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br/>''bintăptep'' | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br/>''bintăptep'' | ||
! |<small>voiced<br/>'' | ! |<small>voiced<br/>''yătcer''</small> | ||
| '''b''' /b/ | | '''b''' /b/ | ||
| '''th''' /d{{den}}/ | | '''th''' /d{{den}}/ | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! |<small>voiceless<br/>'' | ! |<small>voiceless<br/>''chatcer''</small> | ||
| '''p''' /p/ | | '''p''' /p/ | ||
| | | | ||
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*/ɒ æ e o/ are [ɒ̝ æ̝ ɛ̝ ɔ̝]. | */ɒ æ e o/ are [ɒ̝ æ̝ ɛ̝ ɔ̝]. | ||
*In most accents, '''ir''' = '''ier''', '''ür''' = '''üer''', '''ur''' = '''uar'''. | *In most accents, '''ir''' = '''ier''', '''ür''' = '''üer''', '''ur''' = '''uar'''. | ||
*Stressed '''ă''' is used mainly in loans from [[Scellan]] (in Crackfic | *Stressed '''ă''' is used mainly in loans from [[Scellan]] (in Crackfic Hmøøh, English). | ||
====R-vocalization==== | ====R-vocalization==== | ||
/ʁ/ vocalizes to [ɐ] when not before a vowel, as follows: | /ʁ/ vocalizes to [ɐ] when not before a vowel, as follows: | ||
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*specific: ''Thăgem șar nga ies rüe șar se imyar!'' / ''Thăgem dunse rüe drel e ies se imyar!'' = "I want her to give me some flowers! (specific ones I have in mind)" | *specific: ''Thăgem șar nga ies rüe șar se imyar!'' / ''Thăgem dunse rüe drel e ies se imyar!'' = "I want her to give me some flowers! (specific ones I have in mind)" | ||
*definite: ''Thăgem șar nga ies rüe șar fi imyar!'' / ''Thăgem dunse rüe drel e ies fi imyar!'' = "I want her to give me the flowers! (you and I both know what flowers)" | *definite: ''Thăgem șar nga ies rüe șar fi imyar!'' / ''Thăgem dunse rüe drel e ies fi imyar!'' = "I want her to give me the flowers! (you and I both know what flowers)" | ||
Nouns can be pluralized with ''im-'', which is usually used for specific or definite plural nouns. Pluralization is optional, however, and the nonspecific-specific distinction can make pluralization unnecessary where English would require it: | |||
:'''''Rie die poar fa binfăndaw.''''' | :'''''Rie die poar fa binfăndaw.''''' | ||
:1SG NEG derive_enjoyment from NOM-test | :1SG NEG derive_enjoyment from NOM-test | ||
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*''per chmi'' = future progressive | *''per chmi'' = future progressive | ||
*''hos'' = conditional | *''hos'' = conditional | ||
*fnga = can | * tsămfe = 'situationally can' | ||
*fnga = can, to know how to | |||
*poar = like to | *poar = like to | ||
*thăgem = want to | *thăgem = want to | ||
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*șăfongtas nga = as long as | *șăfongtas nga = as long as | ||
*mĭ tstoal nga = as soon as | *mĭ tstoal nga = as soon as | ||
* | *roan = until | ||
*tă'iep = on the other hand | *tă'iep = on the other hand | ||
*sach = also | *sach = also | ||
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*ștal: along | *ștal: along | ||
*ngĭ prăwim: according to | *ngĭ prăwim: according to | ||
*nüng = until, up to | * roan ('to wait'): (temporary) until | ||
**häb = (high register synonym of ''nüng'') | * nüng = (literary) until, up to | ||
** häb = (high register synonym of ''nüng'') | |||
**fa... nüng... = from... to/through... | **fa... nüng... = from... to/through... | ||
*măceaf = towards (a person) | *măceaf = towards (a person) | ||
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*''să-'' = nominalizer | *''să-'' = nominalizer | ||
*{{angbr|''ng''}} = infix forming place nouns | *{{angbr|''ng''}} = infix forming place nouns | ||
*sngeaf 'world, | *sngeaf 'world, Hmøøh, age (used in the idiom ''sloc imsngeaf'' "forever" (lit. until the judgement of the world) ' < seaf 'walk, go' | ||
*{{angbr|''c''}} = infix forming instruments from verbs | *{{angbr|''c''}} = infix forming instruments from verbs | ||
*''dĭ-'' = negation | *''dĭ-'' = negation | ||
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'''''Nicüf tăche''''' | '''''Nicüf tăche''''' | ||
'''''Tsor croth fa ășeal pluam te thür mis hăltsăbas tes imłin. Tung răfongüe nam yas hălpăthin tes bintochur, te pdar thușnoa e nam tănse fidoan măceaf nătha mis | '''''Tsor croth fa ășeal pluam te thür mis hăltsăbas tes imłin. Tung răfongüe nam yas hălpăthin tes bintochur, te pdar thușnoa e nam tănse fidoan măceaf nătha mis șă'or hălchăsräf.''''' | ||
all human PERF be_born free and equal in-SPEC dignity and-SPEC PL-right. IMPERS endow 3PL with-SPEC reason and-SPEC conscience, and must make_sure NOM 3PL act one towards other in-SPEC spirit ABST-fellow | all human PERF be_born free and equal in-SPEC dignity and-SPEC PL-right. IMPERS endow 3PL with-SPEC reason and-SPEC conscience, and must make_sure NOM 3PL act one towards other in-SPEC spirit ABST-fellow | ||
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===The Round Table=== | ===The Round Table=== | ||
This passage is from the ''Imthumitil Păchlac'', a retranslation of the [[Verse: | This passage is from the ''Imthumitil Păchlac'', a retranslation of the [[Verse:Hmøøh/Imθumitil|Imθumitil]] into Modern Naeng by Pida Yăchef Samarasang. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
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*Zero or more caesurae in each line. | *Zero or more caesurae in each line. | ||
The most common meter in literary verse by far is the anapestic tetrameter: (u)uSuuSuuSuuS. It is also used in the [[Verse: | The most common meter in literary verse by far is the anapestic tetrameter: (u)uSuuSuuSuuS. It is also used in the [[Verse:Hmøøh/King Sămtsay Song|King Sămtsay Song]], the Bjeheondian national anthem. | ||
Some other meters are: | Some other meters are: | ||
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[[Category:Lakovic languages]] | [[Category:Lakovic languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Hmøøh]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||