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[[Windermere/Lexicon]]
==Ancient==
==Mărotłite literature==
==Gweats Era==
==Fnüeng Era==
==Middle Windermere literature==
* Etsoj Jopah


[[Windermere/Swadesh list]]
==Modern Windermere literature==
 
Post-Revival
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = չէıɱ Ֆ·ժ›ƍᶑ<br/>brits Lăcoaf
|pronunciation= 
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Talma
|familycolor=tergetic
|fam1=Tergetic
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Classical Windermere''' (native name: ''brits Lăcoaf'' /brits ʟəkoəv/, Eevo: ''Lycóov Yvẃr'' 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Lăcoaf spoken in the historically Windermere territories (''Wen Dămea'') It is based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 900-1100. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to [[Eevo]] and other Talman languages.
 
See also [[Rhythoed]].
 
==Introduction==
Windermere was originally created by [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] for the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. It is currently being revived and adapted for [[Verse:Tricin]] as a classical language of Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned. It is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax. Aesthetically it's also inspired by [[Tíogall]], one of my old sketches.
 
==Todo==
*Eevo-ish grammar but more synthetic
*Need a "causative"
*find a good incopyfix verbalizer
*Grammar: Salish/Eevo
 
Neutral:
 
:''Meac id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth no-bătseal.''
:sleeping DIR PL-idea green without color ADV-fury
:Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
 
Focused:
 
:''Id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth mo-meac no-bătseal.''
:DIR=PL-idea green without color REL=sleep ADV=fury
:It is the colorless green ideas that sleep furiously.
 
:''Düeth id-lun.''
:naked DIR-king
:The king is naked.
 
===Avoid===
*''șoa'' or ''șo'a'' or similar - sho'ah is holocaust in hebrew
 
==Phonology of Windermerean Windermere==
===Orthography===
====Consonants====
*Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
*Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
*Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ ["sin dot"] Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
*Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ
 
====Vowels====
The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.
*· : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea
 
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|-
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
|
|
| '''c''' /k/
| <b>'</b> /ʔ/
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
|
| '''ts''' /ts̻/
| '''tł''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>spirant</small>
| '''f''' /f~v/
| '''th''' /θ~ð/
|
|
| '''ch''' /x/
|
|-
! |<small>nonspirant</small>
|
| '''s''' /s̻/
| '''ł''' /ɬ/
| '''ș''' /s̺~ʃ/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l~ɫ/
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|}
 
The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.
 
===Vowels===
These are the realization of vowels in Windermerean Windermere:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+Monophthongs
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ü''' /y/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''ă''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+Diphthongs
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''ie''' /iə/
| '''üe''' /yə/
|
| '''ua''' /uə/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ea''' /eə/
|
|
| '''oa''' /oə/
|}
{{col-end}}
 
;Notes
*/ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
 
Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels '''ah eh ih oh uh üh''' /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became '''e ea ie oa ua üe''' in Classical Winderemre.
 
===Stress===
Stress is invariably final.
===Phonotactics===
Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.
 
==Morphology==
Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.
===Old Windermere===
====Sandhi====
Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in Rhythoed.
 
*ths -> st, as in ''sehf'' (go) -> *''thsehf'' -> ''stehf'' (to drive) (Rhythoed ''binsteaf'' (energy), ''sămteaf'' (to energize))
 
Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere. When there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated.
 
====Some prefixes====
Old Windermere had the following prefixes:
*''th-'' (causative; denominal verbs)
*''p-'' (agentive)
** ''da'' (know) -> ''pda'' (master; also ''pda'' in Rhythoed)
*''ha-'' (passive)
 
Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: ''snar'' (capture) -> ''snahr'' (trap, snare) which survives in Rhythoed as ''sner''.
 
===Nouns===
''im-'' is used as the plural prefix.
 
The case markers are the following:
*''id'': nominative
*''u'': accusative
*''mi-'': locative
*''ya-'': comitative
*''șa-'': allative
*''faC-'': from
*''tsip'' : without
*''fe'': by (passive)
 
===Pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!|
!I!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (an.)!!they (inan.)
|-
!|Nominative
|''rie''||''łen''||''łes''||''in''||''is''||''tan''||''tsa''||''bang''||''ngea''||''ănam''||''tănam''
|-
!|Accusative
|''grie''||''găłen''||''găłes''||''cin''||''cis''||''dan''||''gătsa''||''găbang''||''găngea''||''cănam''||''dănam''
|}
 
After a preposition, nominative forms are used.
 
===Demonstratives===
*this: __ se
*that: __ fi
*here: rădun se, runse (casual)
*there: rădun fe, rumfe (casual)
*who: ășak ra, ășra (casual)
*what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
*where: rădun ra, runra (casual)
*when sngith ra, sngithra (casual)
*how li-tănsü ra; litra in casual speech
*all tsor (preposed)
*many mea (preposed)
*some tăchung (preposed)
*few łüp (preposed)
*other nătha
 
===Verbs===
Lăcoaf verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and trigger/voice, but not for tense.
 
The trigger system is a Tagalog-style trigger system, with the focus on the direct case argument.
 
In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax ''VERB ya-tsa'', lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'.
 
Verbs and adjectives are actually predicate nouns, so a patient trigger verb can be used as a patient noun just by placing a case marker in front of it.
<!--
====Personal inflection====
The personal affixes are prefixes, and they index the direct case argument. For example:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! !!''rie''!!''łen''!!''łes''!!''in''!!''is''!!''tan''!!''tsal''!!''bang''!!''ngea''!!''uob''!!''tuob''
|-
! ''dur'' 'sit'
|'''''ră'''dur''||'''''łe'''dur''||'''''łe'''dur''||''dur''||''dur''||''dur''||'''''tsa'''dur''||'''''ba'''dur''||'''''nge'''dur''||''dur''||''dur''
|-
! ''plang'' 'stand'
|'''''ră'''plang''||'''''łe'''plang''||'''''łe'''plang''||''plang''||''plang''||''plang''||'''''tsa'''plang''||'''''ba'''plang''||'''''nge'''plang''||''plang''||''plang''
|}
-->
 
====Aspect====
Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.
 
Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (''F'') or last consonant (''L'')
*habitual = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ''ta-'' for others
*perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ''em-'' for others
*prospective = ''hef-'' (closest equivalent of future tense)
*momentane = ''bla-''
*progressive = ''ăL-''
*gnomic = ''FăL-''
*frequentative = ''FeLFă-''
*inchoative/inceptive = ''oLFă-''
*graduative = ''tăFa-''
 
====Intensive====
*''thu-'' = intensive prefix
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost idenitcally to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.
 
===Derivational morphology===
*‹''aL''› incopyfixation = nom'zer for underived verbs; ‹''am''› = nom'zer for verbs ending in vowel
*''bin-'' = nominalizer for derived verbs
*''hăl-'' = nominalizer for adjectives
*''sa-'' = nominalizer
*''și-'' = negation
*''ing-'' = verbalizer
*''yăn-'' = adjectivizer
*''nu-'' = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Rhythoed)
*''pa-'' = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
*''bo-'' = adjectivizer for verbs
TODO: verbalizers, "adjectivizers" ("X-like", "characterized by X")
 
*Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
**''hălwier'' = '-logy' (lit. "beauty of")
**''wang'' = 'matter, affairs'
 
===="Trigger" verb affixes====
These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes by Classical Windermere times.
*Core triggers
**''‹ăc›'' = Patient trigger [telic]
**''‹ră›'' = Patient trigger [atelic]
**''‹ăs›'' = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]
**''‹ăb›'' = Reflexive trigger
*Applicative triggers - these meanings are not always literal. Without an explicit direct case argument, these verbs must be nominalized.
**''‹ăn›'' = Applicative trigger
**''‹ith›'' = Locative trigger
**''‹ăng›'' = Instrumental trigger
**''‹ăfong›'' = Destination trigger
**''‹ălis›'' = Comitative trigger
**''‹ăm›'' = Source/cause trigger
**''‹ăchem›'' = Benefactive/purpose trigger
**''‹ărea›'' = Malefactive trigger
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The basic word order of Lăcoaf is DIRECT-VERB-INDIRECT - if there is no direct case argument for the trigger to act upon then the word order is VERB-INDIRECT. This should help promote the "focus-first"/"predicate-first" word order in Eevo.
 
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
There is a preverbal negative particle ''die''.
 
===Time clauses===
For a non-finite time clause, ''mi-'' + verbal noun may be used.
 
===Relative clauses===
''mo-'' = relativizer
*often combined with the complementizer: ''mong''
===Complement clauses===
''nga'' = complementizer
 
===Reason clauses===
===Verbal noun clauses===
 
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]]

Latest revision as of 14:37, 24 January 2022

Ancient

Mărotłite literature

Gweats Era

Fnüeng Era

Middle Windermere literature

  • Etsoj Jopah

Modern Windermere literature

Post-Revival