Naeng/Literature: Difference between revisions

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<!--
==Ancient==
{{Infobox language
==Mărotłite literature==
|image =  
==Gweats Era==
|imagesize =  
==Fnüeng Era==
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
==Middle Windermere literature==
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
* Etsoj Jopah
|nativename =  
|pronunciation=
|setting = Rulak
|region =  
|familycolor=pulchric
|fam1= Pulchric
|fam2= Rencadic
|fam3= Grimmic
|fam4= C'mon-C'mere
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}
-->


 
==Modern Windermere literature==
<!--
Post-Revival
 
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
 
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
 
-->
 
'''Windermere''' is a Rencadic language closely related to [[C'mere]], [[Nail Polish]] and [[Chrome Finish]]. It's inspired by German, Khmer, Estonian, Vietnamese, and an older draft of IlL's [[Ancient Wiebian]].
 
==Introduction==
 
 
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
 
<!-- Example categories/headings:
 
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
 
-->
 
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
 
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
-->
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Windermere consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Dental
! | Alveolar
! | Palatal
! | Medial
! | Velar
! | Labiovelar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
|
| '''t''' /t/
|
| '''ƈ''' /cˤ/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''qu''' /kʷ/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
|
| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''ʛ''' /ɟˤ/
| '''g''' /ɡ/
| '''ꝿu''' /ɡʷ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f~v/
| '''th''' /θ~ð/
| '''s''' /s/
|
| '''ƨ''' /çˤ~ʝˤ/
| '''h''' /x~ɣ/
| '''xu''' /xʷ/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| ('''v''' /v/)
| ('''dh''' /ð/)
| '''z''' /z/
|
|
| ('''gh''' /x~ɣ/)
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
|
| '''ts''' /ts/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral approximant
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|
| '''j''' /j/
| '''r''' /jˤ/
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|}
 
;Notes
*Voiceless plosives and affricates are lightly aspirated.
*The medial consonants /cˤ, ɟˤ, çˤ, jˤ/ vary by idiolect and can be laminal retroflex [ʈʂ, ɖʐ, ʂ, ɻ], pharyngealized palatal [cˤ, ɟˤ, çˤ,jˤ], or pharyngealized uvular [qˤ, ɢˤ, χˤ, ʁˤ].
*Sounds in parentheses are phonemic in Southern Windermere. Voiceless fricatives except /s/ are voiced intervocalically in Northern Windermere.
 
===Vowels===
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | &nbsp;
! colspan="3" style="width: 160px; " |Front
! colspan="3" style="width: 160px; " |Central
! colspan="3" style="width: 160px; " |Back
|-
!|<small>short</small>
!|<small>long</small>
!|<small>rhotic</small>
!|<small>short</small>
!|<small>long</small>
!|<small>rhotic</small>
!|<small>short</small>
!|<small>long</small>
!|<small>rhotic</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ii''' /iː/
|rowspan="2"| '''ir, ɿr, iər''' /ɪɚ/
| '''y''' /ɨ/
| '''yy''' /ɨː/
| '''yr, yər''' /ɨɚ/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''uy''' /uː/
|rowspan="2"| '''ur, ꝏr, uər''' /ʊɚ/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''ɿ''' /e~ɪ/
| '''ɿɿ''' /eː~ɪː/
|
|
|
| '''ꝏ''' /o~ʊ/
| '''oo''' /oː~ʊː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
|
|
| '''ə''' /ə/
| '''əə''' /əː/
| '''ər''' /ɚː/
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''ee''' /ɛː/
| '''er''' /ɛɚ/
|
|
|
| '''ɔ''' /ɔ/
| '''ɔɔ''' /ɔː/
|rowspan="2"| '''ꜿr, ɔr''' /ɑɚ/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''a''' /æ/
| '''aa''' /æː/
| '''ar''' /æɚ/
|
|
|
| '''ꜿ''' /ɑ/
| '''ꜿꜿ''' /ɑː/
|}
 
As '''ꜿ''' is a rare vowel sound in Windermere, it's often merged with '''ɔ''' into /ɑ~ɒ/. This does not happen in all accents of Windermere so the spelling distinguishes the two phonemes.
 
Windermere also allows the following diphthongs: '''iə yə uə ai ꜿe ꜿo au ꜿy ei ɔi ɿu ꝏi eꜿ əi əy əu'''.
 
===Prosody===
====Stress====
 
Most of the time, the stress falls on the first syllable. Exceptions are sesquisyllables that result from epenthesis of initial consonant clusters.
 
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
 
The syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), where V can be a vowel or a diphthong.
 
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns are always capitalized, but the first word of a sentence is not necessarily capitalized.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 250px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| '''''Sngeef'' - world'''
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeef''
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefə''
|-
!scope="row"|Partitive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefəƨ''
|-
!scope="row"|Illative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefərə''
|-
!scope="row"|Inessive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefər''
|-
!scope="row"|Elative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefərƨ''
|-
!scope="row"|Allative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefənə''
|-
!scope="row"|Adessive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefən''
|-
!scope="row"|Ablative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefənƨ''
|-
!scope="row"|Translative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefəthə''
|-
!scope="row"|Essive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefəth''
|-
!scope="row"|Instructive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefəng''
|}
 
The plural prefix is ''ɿm-'', so: ''Ꞁmsngeef'' = 'worlds', ''Ꞁmsngeefe'' = 'of worlds', ...
 
===Pronouns===
(to be added)
 
===Verbs===
Verbs conjugate for person and tense. The present tense conjugation is as follows:
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Present indicative athematic endings
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''-im''
|''-im''
|-
!|2, 3
|''-ep''
|''-ep''
|}
 
For example,
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | ''ädahþ'' 'to speak'
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''ädim''
|''ädim''
|-
!|2, 3
|''ädep''
|''ädep''
|}
 
Thematic verbs conjugate differently:
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | ''meþahþ'' 'to sit'
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''meþäm''
|''meþäm''
|-
!|2, 3
|''meþöp''
|''meþöp''
|}
 
[add rule here]
 
The past and future tense conjugations are identical to the present tense conjugation, except the first person forms coincide with the second person present forms.
 
==Syntax==
 
Word order in Windermere is SVO. Otherwise it's head-final, which means:
* adjectives and relative clauses precede nouns, so "the man who eats apples" is literally "the apple-eating man"
* postpositions, not prepositions
* complementizers are head-initial (because of the final-over-final constraint)
 
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:C'mon–C'mere languages]]
[[Category:Rapunzelic languages]]
[[Category:Rencadic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 14:37, 24 January 2022

Ancient

Mărotłite literature

Gweats Era

Fnüeng Era

Middle Windermere literature

  • Etsoj Jopah

Modern Windermere literature

Post-Revival

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