|
|
| (479 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| [[Windermere/Lexicon]]
| | ==Ancient== |
| | ==Mărotłite literature== |
| | ==Gweats Era== |
| | ==Fnüeng Era== |
| | ==Middle Windermere literature== |
| | * Etsoj Jopah |
|
| |
|
| [[Windermere/Swadesh list]]
| | ==Modern Windermere literature== |
| | | Post-Revival |
| {{Infobox language
| |
| |image =
| |
| |imagesize =
| |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
| |
| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
| |
| |nativename =
| |
| |pronunciation=
| |
| |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
| |
| |region = Talma
| |
| |familycolor=Austroasiatic
| |
| |fam1=
| |
| |fam2=
| |
| |fam3= Old Windermere
| |
| |script={{PAGENAME}} script
| |
| |iso3=
| |
| |notice=IPA
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| '''Windermere''' is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.
| |
| | |
| ==Introduction==
| |
| Windermere was originally created by [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] for the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. It is currently being revived and adapted for [[Verse:Tricin]] as a classical language in [[Verse:Talma|Talma]]. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.
| |
| | |
| ==Todo==
| |
| *Weird grammatical categories that aren't so Celtic or Semitic - so it makes Eevo really analytic
| |
| **something Austronesian?
| |
| | |
| ==Phonology==
| |
| ===Orthography===
| |
| ====Consonants====
| |
| *Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
| |
| *Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
| |
| *Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
| |
| *Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ
| |
| ====Vowels====
| |
| The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.
| |
| *· : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ ›ƪ = ua üe ie oa ea oy
| |
| | |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! |Labial
| |
| ! |Alveolar
| |
| ! |Lateral
| |
| ! |Palatal
| |
| ! |Velar
| |
| ! |Uvular
| |
| ! |Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| |
| | '''m''' /m/
| |
| | '''n''' /n/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ng''' /ŋ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
| |
| ! |<small>tenuis</small>
| |
| | '''b''' /p~b/
| |
| | '''d''' /t~d/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''g''' /k~g/
| |
| |
| |
| | <b>'</b> /ʔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
| |
| | '''p''' /pʰ~bʰ/
| |
| | '''t''' /tʰ~dʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''c''' /kʰ~gʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ts''' /ts̻/
| |
| | '''tł''' /tɬ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| |
| ! |<small>spirant</small>
| |
| | '''f''' /f~v/
| |
| | '''th''' /θ~ð/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ch''' /x~ɣ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>nonspirant</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''s''' /s̻/
| |
| | '''ł''' /ɬ/
| |
| | '''ș''' /s̺~ʃ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''h''' /h/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Resonant
| |
| | '''w''' /w/
| |
| | '''r''' /r/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''y''' /j/
| |
| |
| |
| |'''l''' /ʟ/
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.
| |
| | |
| In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅
| |
| | |
| [cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]
| |
| | |
| ====Mutations====
| |
| | |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| | |
| a e i o u y {{angbr|a e i o u ü}}
| |
| | |
| iə eə uə oə oj yə {{angbr|ie ea ua oa oy üe}}
| |
| | |
| ə {{angbr|ă}} (in unstressed syllables)
| |
| | |
| In Eevo these are borrowed as:
| |
| | |
| a e i o w u
| |
| | |
| ia ee wa oo øø ua
| |
| | |
| y
| |
| | |
| ===Stress===
| |
| Stress is invariably final.
| |
| ===Phonotactics===
| |
| Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.
| |
| | |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing. | |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| ''im-'' is used for the plural prefix.
| |
| | |
| The case markers are the following:
| |
| *''și-'': direct case marker
| |
| *''wa-'': indirect case marker
| |
| *''mi-'': locative
| |
| *''ya-'': comitative
| |
| *''șa-'': allative
| |
| | |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| *1sg: rie
| |
| *2sg: łen (masculine), łes (feminine)
| |
| *3sg: in (masculine), is (feminine), tan (inanimate)
| |
| *1pl: tsa (exclusive), bang (inclusive)
| |
| *2pl: ngea
| |
| *3pl: uab (animate), tuab (inanimate)
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| Windermere verbs inflect for person/mood, aspect, and trigger/voice, but not for tense. (Daughter languages use periphrastic constructions for tense, and use aspect and trigger affixes derivationally.)
| |
| The trigger system is a Tagalog-style trigger system, with the focus on the direct case argument.
| |
| <!--
| |
| ====Personal inflection====
| |
| The personal affixes are prefixes, and they index the direct case argument. For example:
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !!''rie''!!''łen''!!''łes''!!''in''!!''is''!!''tan''!!''tsal''!!''bang''!!''ngea''!!''uob''!!''tuob''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ''dur'' 'sit'
| |
| |'''''ră'''dur''||'''''łe'''dur''||'''''łe'''dur''||''dur''||''dur''||''dur''||'''''tsa'''dur''||'''''ba'''dur''||'''''nge'''dur''||''dur''||''dur''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ''plang'' 'stand'
| |
| |'''''ră'''plang''||'''''łe'''plang''||'''''łe'''plang''||''plang''||''plang''||''plang''||'''''tsa'''plang''||'''''ba'''plang''||'''''nge'''plang''||''plang''||''plang''
| |
| |}
| |
| -->
| |
| | |
| ====Mood====
| |
| There is only the imperative mood which is marked with ''da-'' in place of the personal prefix.
| |
| | |
| ====Aspect====
| |
| *habitual = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ''dă-'' for others
| |
| *perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ''em-'' for others
| |
| *momentane = ''heng-''
| |
| *frequentative = ''chum-''
| |
| *gnomic = ''șeth-''
| |
| *inchoative = ''ła-''
| |
| *progressive = ''wat-''
| |
| | |
| ====Trigger====
| |
| *Core triggers
| |
| **''‹ăn›'' = Patient trigger [telic]
| |
| **''‹ră›'' = Patient trigger [atelic]
| |
| **''‹ăs›'' = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]
| |
| **''‹ăl›'' = Reflexive trigger
| |
| *Applicative triggers
| |
| **''‹eth›'' = Locative trigger
| |
| **''‹ăng›'' = Instrumental trigger
| |
| **''‹ăfong›'' = Destination trigger
| |
| **''‹ălis›'' = Comitative trigger
| |
| **''‹ăm›'' = Source trigger [also causative]
| |
| **''‹ăchem›'' = Benefactive trigger [also purposive]
| |
| **''‹ărea›'' = Malefactive trigger [also "lest"]
| |
| | |
| ===Derivational morphology===
| |
| *Head-initial concatenation
| |
| *''hăl-'' = nominalizer
| |
| *verbalizer
| |
| *"adjectivizer" ("X-like", "characterized by X")
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| Word order is VSO, like Celtic, Semitic and Tagalog. [S = the constituent that the verb agrees with]
| |
| | |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Dependent clauses===
| |
| ====Complement clauses====
| |
| ''nga'' is the complementizer
| |
| ===Relative clauses===
| |
| ''mo-'' = relativizer
| |
| *often combined with the complementizer: ''mong''
| |
| | |
| ===Verbal noun clauses===
| |
| | |
| ==Example texts==
| |
| ==Other resources==
| |
| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
| |
| | |
| <!-- Template area -->
| |
| | |
| | |
| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
| |
| [[Category:Languages]]
| |
| [[Category:Tricin]]
| |