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| ===Orthography=== | | ===Orthography=== |
| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
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| |+ '''Windermere consonants'''
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! | Labial
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| ! | Dental
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| ! | Alveolar
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| ! | Palatal
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| ! | Medial
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| ! | Velar
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| ! | Labiovelar
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| ! | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | '''ng''' /ŋ/
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| | '''t''' /t/
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| | '''ƈ''' /cˤ/
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| | '''k''' /k/
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| | '''qu''' /kʷ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| | '''d''' /d/
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| | '''ʛ''' /ɟˤ/
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| | '''g''' /ɡ/
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| | '''ꝿu''' /ɡʷ/
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| ! rowspan="2" |Fricative
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''f''' /f~v/
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| | '''th''' /θ~ð/
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| | '''s''' /s/
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| | '''ƨ''' /çˤ~ʝˤ/
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| | '''h''' /x~ɣ/
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| | '''xu''' /xʷ/
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| | ('''ħ''' /h/)
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | ('''v''' /v/)
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| | ('''dh''' /ð/)
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| | '''z''' /z/
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| | ('''gh''' /x~ɣ/)
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| ! colspan="2" | Affricate
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| | '''ts''' /ts/
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| ! colspan="2" |Lateral approximant
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''j''' /j/
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| | '''r''' /jˤ/
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| | '''w''' /w/
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| |}
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| ;Notes
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| *Voiceless plosives and affricates are lightly aspirated.
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| *The medial consonants /cˤ, ɟˤ, çˤ, jˤ/ vary by idiolect and can be laminal retroflex [ʈʂ, ɖʐ, ʂ, ɻ], pharyngealized palatal [cˤ, ɟˤ, çˤ,jˤ], or pharyngealized uvular [qˤ, ɢˤ, χˤ, ʁˤ].
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| *Sounds in parentheses are phonemic in Southern Windermere. Voiceless fricatives except /s/ are voiced intervocalically in Northern Windermere.
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="3" style="width: 160px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="3" style="width: 160px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="3" style="width: 160px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !|<small>short</small>
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| !|<small>long</small>
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| !|<small>rhotic</small>
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| !|<small>short</small>
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| !|<small>long</small>
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| !|<small>rhotic</small>
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| !|<small>short</small>
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| !|<small>long</small>
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| !|<small>rhotic</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''ii''' /iː/
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| |rowspan="2"| '''ir, ɿr, iər''' /ɪɚ/
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| | '''y''' /ɨ/
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| | '''yy''' /ɨː/
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| | '''yr, yər''' /ɨɚ/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''uu''' /uː/
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| |rowspan="2"| '''ur, ꝏr, uər''' /ʊɚ/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close-mid
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| | '''ɿ''' /e~ɪ/
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| | '''ɿɿ''' /eː~ɪː/
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| | '''ꝏ''' /o~ʊ/
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| | '''oo''' /oː~ʊː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''ə''' /ə/
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| | '''əə''' /əː/
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| | '''ər''' /ɚː/
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| ! style="" |Open-mid
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| | '''e''' /ɛ/
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| | '''ee''' /ɛː/
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| | '''er''' /ɛɚ/
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| | '''ɔ''' /ɔ/
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| | '''ɔɔ''' /ɔː/
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| |rowspan="2"| '''ꜿr, ɔr''' /ɑɚ/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /æ/
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| | '''aa''' /æː/
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| | '''ar''' /æɚ/
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| | '''ꜿ''' /ɑ/
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| | '''ꜿꜿ''' /ɑː/
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| |}
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| As '''ꜿ''' is a rare vowel sound in Windermere, it's often merged with '''ɔ''' into /ɑ~ɒ/. This does not happen in all accents of Windermere so the spelling distinguishes the two phonemes.
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| Windermere also allows the following diphthongs: '''iə yə uə ai ꜿe ꜿo au ꜿy ei ɔi ɿu ꝏi eꜿ əi əy əu'''.
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| Most of the time, the stress falls on the first syllable. Exceptions are sesquisyllables that result from epenthesis of initial consonant clusters.
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| The syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), where V can be a vowel or a diphthong.
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Nouns===
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| Windermere nouns have 12 cases.
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| Nouns are always capitalized, but the first word of a sentence is not necessarily capitalized.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 250px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="5"| '''''Sngeef'' - world'''
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| !scope="row"|Nominative
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeef''
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| !scope="row"|Genitive
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefə''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Partitive
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefəƨ''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Illative
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefərə''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Inessive
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefər''
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| !scope="row"|Elative
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefərƨ''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Allative
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefənə''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Adessive
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefən''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Ablative
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefənƨ''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Translative
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefəthə''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Essive
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefəth''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Instructive
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| |colspan="2"|''Sngeefəng''
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| |}
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| The plural prefix is ''ɿm-'', so: ''Ꞁmsngeef'' = 'worlds', ''Ꞁmsngeefe'' = 'of worlds', ...
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| ===Pronouns=== | | ===Pronouns=== |
| (to be added)
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| ===Verbs=== | | ===Verbs=== |
| Verbs conjugate for person and tense. The present tense conjugation is as follows:
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| !colspan="4" | Present indicative athematic endings
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1
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| |''-im''
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| |''-im''
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| |-
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| !|2, 3
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| |''-ep''
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| |''-ep''
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| |}
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| For example,
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| !colspan="4" | ''ädahþ'' 'to speak'
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1
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| |''ädim''
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| |''ädim''
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| !|2, 3
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| |''ädep''
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| |''ädep''
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| |}
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| Thematic verbs conjugate differently:
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | ''meþahþ'' 'to sit'
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1
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| |''meþäm''
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| |''meþäm''
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| |-
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| !|2, 3
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| |''meþöp''
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| |''meþöp''
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| |}
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| [add rule here]
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| The past and future tense conjugations are identical to the present tense conjugation, except the first person forms coincide with the second person present forms.
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |
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| Word order in Windermere is SVO. Otherwise it's head-final, which means:
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| * adjectives and relative clauses precede nouns, so "the man who eats apples" is literally "the apple-eating man"
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| * postpositions, not prepositions
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| * complementizers are head-initial (because of the final-over-final constraint)
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| ===Constituent order=== | | ===Constituent order=== |
| ===Noun phrase=== | | ===Noun phrase=== |