Naquian

Naquian/Lexicon

Naquian/Swadesh list

Naquian
in uētacaz nāquimiz
Pronunciation	/in weːtakas naːkʷimis/
Created by	IlL
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Region	Naquiz, northern Txapoalli
Extinct	500dd
Language family	Quame Naquian
Early forms:	Old Naquian Naquian
Writing system	Naquian script
ISO 639-3	qnq

Naquian (/ˈnɑːkwiən/ NAH-kwee-ən) is a classical language of Tricin which served as the working language of Ancient Naquiz, or the Naquian empire. It is a Quame language with a Proto-Germanic and Nahuatl flavor. It has a rich body of literature, and is notable for being the language with the first extensive grammatical treatise in history.

Todo

• k kw q qw > tx qu c c

Remove a lot of r's but not all of them

Keep initial p/ph

Final -t > -tl

Assimilated mz, nz, lz, rz nouns

Pseudo Hungarian descendant?

ammitī, ammiuī, ... = to live

naxxamō hōndah ti mīnah = thirty days and nights (lit. thirty suns and nights)

Phonology

Consonants

Naquian changes the voiced series of Proto-Naquic into the aspirated series and loses the velar-uvular distinction in dorsal stops.

Naquian uses about 22 consonant phonemes. The null initial is pronounced [h]. Two vowels that come in hiatus with each other may be separated by [ɦ], except that after /i/ or /o/ one tends to use /j/ or /w/ instead.

		Labial	Coronal		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
			central	lateral		plain	labialized	plain	labialized
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			[ŋ]
Plosive	tenuis	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	qu /kʷ/	h /ʔ/	hu /ʔʷ~wˀ/
	ejective	ph /pʼ/	th /tʼ/			ch /kʼ/	quh /kʷʼ/
Fricative			z /s/		x /ʃ/			[h~ɦ]
Affricate	tenuis		tz /ts/	tl /tɬ/	tx /tʃ/
	ejective		tzh /tsʼ/	tłh /tɬʼ/	txh /tʃʼ/
Approximant			r /r/	l /l/	y /j/		u /w/

Notes

• /t/, /k/, /kʷ/ become /d~θ/, /g~x/, /gʷ~xʷ/ between vowels.

Phonotactics

A word may not end in a consonant cluster; usually an epenthetic vowel i is inserted to resolve a consonant cluster.

The following geminates are allowed: /mː nː lː jː sː ʃː pː tː kː kwː tsː tɬː tʃː tʼː kʼː tsʼː tɬʼː tʃʼː/. Geminates are common, often resulting from older rC clusters.

Nasal-stop clusters are allowed.

The following initial clusters are allowed:

• tr tzr txr cr qur thr tzhr txhr chr quhr
• zt ztz ztł ztx zc zqu

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/			u /u/	ū /uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	ē /eː/			o /ɔ/	ō /oː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ai au ei ou /ai au ei ou/

Nasal vowels: ą ę į ǫ

Stress

Naquian has penultimate stress like Classical Nahuatl.

Morphology

Declension

Nouns are inflected in two numbers (singular, plural) and three cases (nominative, dative, genitive). Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

Both nouns and adjectives have strong and weak forms. Strong forms serve as the first case-marked element of a noun phrase marked for case, and all elements after it are weak:

• 'a pen': pen-S
• 'the pen': the-S pen-W
• 'a good pen': good-S pen-W
• 'the good pen': the-S good-W pen-W

The definite article in only has strong forms.

Genitive phrases of the form 'a/the X's Y, the Y of a/the X' can be formed in two ways:

• when X is indefinite: either "X-S.GEN the-S Y-W" or "X-S.GEN Y-W"
• when X is definite: either "the-S.GEN X-W.GEN the-S Y-W" or "the-S X-W Y-W" (more archaic),

where the second definite article and Y are marked with the appropriate case.

For example:

nia cāllin huactzōnitl

DEF.SG.F.GEN.S song-SG.GEN.W anatomy-SG.NOM.W

'The Anatomy of Song' (title of a book by Etsoj Jopah)

but the same meaning can be expressed with nia cāllin in huactzōnitl.

Declension paradigms

o-stems

Masculine:

• indef. mārǫ, mārīz

• def. in mārotl, in mārīz
• const. mārotl, mārīz

Neuter:

• indef. arīłłoz, arīłłų
• def. in arīłłotl, in ariłłouh
• const. arīłłotl, ariłłouh

a-stems

tehtaz = child

• indef. tehtaz, tehtin
• def. in tehtatl, in tehtauh

r-stems

flower (r-stem):

• indef. quatār, quatarin
• def. in quataritl, in quatariuh

i-stems

• Example, "name": ueliz, uelīn; in uelitl, in ueliuh
• Example, "song": cālli (indef sg), cāllir (indef pl); in cāllitl (def sg) in cāliuh (def pl)

u-stems

"fire" (w-stem): ztūz, ztūīz, ztūīn, ztūīni, ztūitl, ztūh

tl-nouns

Strong decl:

• sg: quarātl, quarālli, quarātliz
• pl: quarātlīz, quarātlir, quarātlįz

Weak decl:

• sg: quarātotl, quarātotl, quarātotl
• pl: quarātōuh, quarātīuh, quarātōuh

Pronouns

• nā = I
• uīr = thou
• txā = we (exc)
• quon = we (inc)
• zen = blotp

Verbs

Tenses:

• past with separate conjugation
• present w/ redup
• present subjunctive with no redup
• past subjunctive marked with -tē-

Voices:

• active
• mediopassive

Personal affixes

Active

past tense: cheppātī, cheppāuī, cheppǫ, cheppōz, cheppamir, cheppantir, cheppaquir, cheppauir

present tense: cecheppān, cecheppār, cecheppą, cecheppāz, cecheppāmeh, cecheppanti, cecheppaqui, cecheppatl

present subjunctive: cheppān, cheppār, cheppą, cheppāz, cheppāmeh, cheppanti, cheppaqui, cheppātl

past subjunctive: cheppānēn, cheppānēr, cheppānę, cheppānēz, cheppānēmeh, cheppānēnti, cheppānēqui, cheppānētl

Mediopassive

past tense: cheppāuetī, cheppāuezī, cheppauę, cheppauēz, cheppauemir, cheppauentir, cheppauequir, cheppauetlir

present tense: cecheppāuen, cecheppāuer, cecheppāuę, cecheppāuez, cecheppāuemeh, cecheppauenti, cecheppauequi, cecheppauitl

present subjunctive: cheppāuen, cheppāuer, cheppāuę, cheppāuez, cheppāuemeh, cheppauinti, cheppauequi, cheppāuitl

past subjunctive: cheppāuenēn, cheppāuenēr, cheppāuenę, cheppāuenēz, cheppāuenēmeh, cheppāuenēnti, cheppāuenēqui, cheppāuenētl

Participles

• cheppāncǫ, cheppaicō, cheppāzcoz = active participle
• cheppānį, cheppānī, cheppāniz = passive participle

Derivational morphology

• -caz = nominalizer (~ PTal *-ākos)
• -ātl, -ālli, -ātliz = adjectivizer
• -imį, -imi, -imiz = adjectivizer
• -pą, -pā, -paz = nominalizer

Numerals

• zeinuhį = 1st
• titzarą = 2nd
• naxxarą = 3rd
• laupharą = 4th

...

Syntax

Constituent order

SVO, postpositions, gen-noun, adj-noun, noun-rel.

Subordinate clauses

• neh = complementizer (related to -n in Thensarian relativizer rin)