Difference between revisions of "Naquian"
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|pronunciation= /in weːtakas naːkʷimis/ | |pronunciation= /in weːtakas naːkʷimis/ | ||
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]] | |setting=[[Verse:Tricin]] | ||
− | |region = | + | |region = Naquiz, northern Txapoalli |
|extinct = 500dd | |extinct = 500dd | ||
|fam1=[[Quame languages|Quame]] | |fam1=[[Quame languages|Quame]] | ||
Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (/ˈnɑːkwiən/ ''NAH-kwee-ən'') is a classical language of Tricin which served as the working language of the Naquian empire. It is a Quame language with a | + | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (/ˈnɑːkwiən/ ''NAH-kwee-ən'') is a classical language of Tricin which served as the working language of Ancient [[Verse:Tricin/Naquiz|Naquiz]], or the Naquian empire. It is a Quame language with a Proto-Germanic and Nahuatl flavor. It has a rich body of literature, and is notable for being the language with the first extensive grammatical treatise in history. |
− | |||
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==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
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Remove a lot of r's but not all of them | Remove a lot of r's but not all of them | ||
− | |||
− | |||
Keep initial p/ph | Keep initial p/ph | ||
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− | |||
− | |||
Final -t > -tl | Final -t > -tl | ||
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ammitī, ammiuī, ... = to live | ammitī, ammiuī, ... = to live | ||
+ | |||
+ | naxxamō hōndah ti mīnah = thirty days and nights (lit. thirty suns and nights) | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Line 152: | Line 143: | ||
Nasal-stop clusters are allowed. | Nasal-stop clusters are allowed. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The following initial clusters are allowed: | ||
+ | *'''tr tzr txr cr qur thr tzhr txhr chr quhr''' | ||
+ | *'''zt ztz ztł ztx zc zqu''' | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Line 192: | Line 187: | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | Diphthongs: ''' | + | Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou''' /ai au ei ou/ |
+ | |||
+ | Nasal vowels: '''ą ę į ǫ''' | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
Line 200: | Line 197: | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
− | === | + | ===Declension=== |
− | + | Nouns are inflected in two numbers (singular, plural) and three cases (nominative, dative, genitive). Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case. | |
− | + | Both nouns and adjectives have '''strong''' and '''weak''' forms. Strong forms serve as the first case-marked element of a noun phrase marked for case, and all elements after it are weak: | |
+ | *'a pen': pen-S | ||
+ | *'the pen': the-S pen-W | ||
+ | *'a good pen': good-S pen-W | ||
+ | *'the good pen': the-S good-W pen-W | ||
− | + | The definite article ''in'' only has strong forms. | |
− | + | Genitive phrases of the form 'a/the X's Y, the Y of a/the X' can be formed in two ways: | |
+ | *when X is indefinite: either "X-S.GEN the-S Y-W" or "X-S.GEN Y-W" | ||
+ | *when X is definite: either "the-S.GEN X-W.GEN the-S Y-W" or "the-S X-W Y-W" (more archaic), | ||
+ | where the second definite article and Y are marked with the appropriate case. | ||
− | + | For example: | |
+ | :'''''nia cāllin huactzōnitl''''' | ||
+ | :DEF.SG.F.GEN.S song-SG.GEN.W anatomy-SG.NOM.W | ||
+ | :'The Anatomy of Song' (title of a book by Etsoj Jopah) | ||
+ | but the same meaning can be expressed with ''nia cāllin in huactzōnitl''. | ||
− | + | ===Declension paradigms=== | |
+ | ====o-stems==== | ||
+ | Masculine: | ||
+ | *indef. ''mārǫ, mārīz'' | ||
− | + | *def. ''in mārotl, in mārīz'' | |
+ | *const. ''mārotl, mārīz'' | ||
+ | Neuter: | ||
+ | *indef. ''arīłłoz, arīłłų'' | ||
+ | *def. ''in arīłłotl, in ariłłouh'' | ||
+ | *const. ''arīłłotl, ariłłouh'' | ||
− | === | + | ====a-stems==== |
− | *quarātl, quarālli, quarātliz | + | ''tehtaz'' = child |
+ | *indef. tehtaz, tehtin | ||
+ | *def. in tehtatl, in tehtauh | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====r-stems==== | ||
+ | flower (r-stem): | ||
+ | *indef. quatār, quatarin | ||
+ | *def. in quataritl, in quatariuh | ||
+ | ====i-stems==== | ||
+ | *Example, "name": ''ueliz'', ''uelīn''; ''in uelitl'', ''in ueliuh'' | ||
+ | *Example, "song": ''cālli'' (indef sg), ''cāllir'' (indef pl); ''in cāllitl'' (def sg) ''in cāliuh'' (def pl) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====u-stems==== | ||
+ | "fire" (w-stem): ''ztūz'', ''ztūīz'', ''ztūīn'', ''ztūīni'', ''ztūitl'', ''ztūh'' | ||
+ | ====tl-nouns==== | ||
+ | Strong decl: | ||
+ | *sg: quarātl, quarālli, quarātliz | ||
+ | *pl: quarātlīz, quarātlir, quarātlįz | ||
+ | Weak decl: | ||
+ | *sg: quarātotl, quarātotl, quarātotl | ||
+ | *pl: quarātōuh, quarātīuh, quarātōuh | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
*nā = I | *nā = I | ||
− | * | + | *uīr = thou |
*txā = we (exc) | *txā = we (exc) | ||
*quon = we (inc) | *quon = we (inc) | ||
*zen = blotp | *zen = blotp | ||
+ | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Tenses: | Tenses: | ||
Line 236: | Line 273: | ||
====Personal affixes==== | ====Personal affixes==== | ||
=====Active===== | =====Active===== | ||
− | past tense: ''cheppātī, | + | past tense: ''cheppātī, cheppāuī, cheppǫ, cheppōz, cheppamir, cheppantir, cheppaquir, cheppauir'' |
− | present tense: ''cecheppān, cecheppār, | + | present tense: ''cecheppān, cecheppār, cecheppą, cecheppāz, cecheppāmeh, cecheppanti, cecheppaqui, cecheppatl'' |
− | present subjunctive: ''cheppān, cheppār, | + | present subjunctive: ''cheppān, cheppār, cheppą, cheppāz, cheppāmeh, cheppanti, cheppaqui, cheppātl'' |
− | past subjunctive: '' | + | past subjunctive: ''cheppānēn, cheppānēr, cheppānę, cheppānēz, cheppānēmeh, cheppānēnti, cheppānēqui, cheppānētl'' |
=====Mediopassive===== | =====Mediopassive===== | ||
− | past tense: ''cheppāuetī, cheppāuezī, | + | past tense: ''cheppāuetī, cheppāuezī, cheppauę, cheppauēz, cheppauemir, cheppauentir, cheppauequir, cheppauetlir'' |
− | present tense: ''cecheppāuen, cecheppāuer, | + | present tense: ''cecheppāuen, cecheppāuer, cecheppāuę, cecheppāuez, cecheppāuemeh, cecheppauenti, cecheppauequi, cecheppauitl'' |
− | present subjunctive: ''cheppāuen, cheppāuer, | + | present subjunctive: ''cheppāuen, cheppāuer, cheppāuę, cheppāuez, cheppāuemeh, cheppauinti, cheppauequi, cheppāuitl'' |
− | past subjunctive: '' | + | past subjunctive: ''cheppāuenēn, cheppāuenēr, cheppāuenę, cheppāuenēz, cheppāuenēmeh, cheppāuenēnti, cheppāuenēqui, cheppāuenētl |
====Participles==== | ====Participles==== | ||
− | * | + | *cheppāncǫ, cheppaicō, cheppāzcoz = active participle |
− | * | + | *cheppānį, cheppānī, cheppāniz = passive participle |
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
− | *''- | + | *''-caz'' = nominalizer (~ PTal ''*-ākos'') |
*''-ātl, -ālli, -ātliz'' = adjectivizer | *''-ātl, -ālli, -ātliz'' = adjectivizer | ||
− | *''-imiz'' = adjectivizer | + | *''-imį, -imi, -imiz'' = adjectivizer |
− | *''- | + | *''-pą, -pā, -paz'' = nominalizer |
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
− | *'' | + | *''zeinuhį'' = 1st |
− | *'' | + | *''titzarą'' = 2nd |
− | *'' | + | *''naxxarą'' = 3rd |
− | *'' | + | *''laupharą'' = 4th |
... | ... | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
− | + | SVO, postpositions, gen-noun, adj-noun, noun-rel. | |
===Subordinate clauses=== | ===Subordinate clauses=== | ||
− | *'' | + | *''neh'' = complementizer (related to ''-n'' in Thensarian relativizer ''rin'') |
==See also== | ==See also== |
Latest revision as of 19:44, 28 December 2019
This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
Naquian | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
in uētacaz nāquimiz | ||||
Pronunciation | /in weːtakas naːkʷimis/ | |||
Created by | IlL | |||
Setting | Verse:Tricin | |||
Region | Naquiz, northern Txapoalli | |||
Extinct | 500dd | |||
Language family |
Quame
| |||
Early forms: |
Old Naquian
| |||
Writing system | Naquian script | |||
ISO 639-3 | qnq | |||
|
Naquian (/ˈnɑːkwiən/ NAH-kwee-ən) is a classical language of Tricin which served as the working language of Ancient Naquiz, or the Naquian empire. It is a Quame language with a Proto-Germanic and Nahuatl flavor. It has a rich body of literature, and is notable for being the language with the first extensive grammatical treatise in history.
Todo
- k kw q qw > tx qu c c
Remove a lot of r's but not all of them
Keep initial p/ph
Final -t > -tl
Assimilated mz, nz, lz, rz nouns
Pseudo Hungarian descendant?
ammitī, ammiuī, ... = to live
naxxamō hōndah ti mīnah = thirty days and nights (lit. thirty suns and nights)
Phonology
Consonants
Naquian changes the voiced series of Proto-Naquic into the aspirated series and loses the velar-uvular distinction in dorsal stops.
Naquian uses about 22 consonant phonemes. The null initial is pronounced [h]. Two vowels that come in hiatus with each other may be separated by [ɦ], except that after /i/ or /o/ one tends to use /j/ or /w/ instead.
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | ||||
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | [ŋ] | ||||||
Plosive | tenuis | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | qu /kʷ/ | h /ʔ/ | hu /ʔʷ~wˀ/ | ||
ejective | ph /pʼ/ | th /tʼ/ | ch /kʼ/ | quh /kʷʼ/ | |||||
Fricative | z /s/ | x /ʃ/ | [h~ɦ] | ||||||
Affricate | tenuis | tz /ts/ | tl /tɬ/ | tx /tʃ/ | |||||
ejective | tzh /tsʼ/ | tłh /tɬʼ/ | txh /tʃʼ/ | ||||||
Approximant | r /r/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | u /w/ |
- Notes
- /t/, /k/, /kʷ/ become /d~θ/, /g~x/, /gʷ~xʷ/ between vowels.
Phonotactics
A word may not end in a consonant cluster; usually an epenthetic vowel i is inserted to resolve a consonant cluster.
The following geminates are allowed: /mː nː lː jː sː ʃː pː tː kː kwː tsː tɬː tʃː tʼː kʼː tsʼː tɬʼː tʃʼː/. Geminates are common, often resulting from older rC clusters.
Nasal-stop clusters are allowed.
The following initial clusters are allowed:
- tr tzr txr cr qur thr tzhr txhr chr quhr
- zt ztz ztł ztx zc zqu
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ | ||
Mid | e /ɛ/ | ē /eː/ | o /ɔ/ | ō /oː/ | ||
Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ |
Diphthongs: ai au ei ou /ai au ei ou/
Nasal vowels: ą ę į ǫ
Stress
Naquian has penultimate stress like Classical Nahuatl.
Orthography
Morphology
Declension
Nouns are inflected in two numbers (singular, plural) and three cases (nominative, dative, genitive). Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case.
Both nouns and adjectives have strong and weak forms. Strong forms serve as the first case-marked element of a noun phrase marked for case, and all elements after it are weak:
- 'a pen': pen-S
- 'the pen': the-S pen-W
- 'a good pen': good-S pen-W
- 'the good pen': the-S good-W pen-W
The definite article in only has strong forms.
Genitive phrases of the form 'a/the X's Y, the Y of a/the X' can be formed in two ways:
- when X is indefinite: either "X-S.GEN the-S Y-W" or "X-S.GEN Y-W"
- when X is definite: either "the-S.GEN X-W.GEN the-S Y-W" or "the-S X-W Y-W" (more archaic),
where the second definite article and Y are marked with the appropriate case.
For example:
- nia cāllin huactzōnitl
- DEF.SG.F.GEN.S song-SG.GEN.W anatomy-SG.NOM.W
- 'The Anatomy of Song' (title of a book by Etsoj Jopah)
but the same meaning can be expressed with nia cāllin in huactzōnitl.
Declension paradigms
o-stems
Masculine:
- indef. mārǫ, mārīz
- def. in mārotl, in mārīz
- const. mārotl, mārīz
Neuter:
- indef. arīłłoz, arīłłų
- def. in arīłłotl, in ariłłouh
- const. arīłłotl, ariłłouh
a-stems
tehtaz = child
- indef. tehtaz, tehtin
- def. in tehtatl, in tehtauh
r-stems
flower (r-stem):
- indef. quatār, quatarin
- def. in quataritl, in quatariuh
i-stems
- Example, "name": ueliz, uelīn; in uelitl, in ueliuh
- Example, "song": cālli (indef sg), cāllir (indef pl); in cāllitl (def sg) in cāliuh (def pl)
u-stems
"fire" (w-stem): ztūz, ztūīz, ztūīn, ztūīni, ztūitl, ztūh
tl-nouns
Strong decl:
- sg: quarātl, quarālli, quarātliz
- pl: quarātlīz, quarātlir, quarātlįz
Weak decl:
- sg: quarātotl, quarātotl, quarātotl
- pl: quarātōuh, quarātīuh, quarātōuh
Pronouns
- nā = I
- uīr = thou
- txā = we (exc)
- quon = we (inc)
- zen = blotp
Verbs
Tenses:
- past with separate conjugation
- present w/ redup
- present subjunctive with no redup
- past subjunctive marked with -tē-
Voices:
- active
- mediopassive
Personal affixes
Active
past tense: cheppātī, cheppāuī, cheppǫ, cheppōz, cheppamir, cheppantir, cheppaquir, cheppauir
present tense: cecheppān, cecheppār, cecheppą, cecheppāz, cecheppāmeh, cecheppanti, cecheppaqui, cecheppatl
present subjunctive: cheppān, cheppār, cheppą, cheppāz, cheppāmeh, cheppanti, cheppaqui, cheppātl
past subjunctive: cheppānēn, cheppānēr, cheppānę, cheppānēz, cheppānēmeh, cheppānēnti, cheppānēqui, cheppānētl
Mediopassive
past tense: cheppāuetī, cheppāuezī, cheppauę, cheppauēz, cheppauemir, cheppauentir, cheppauequir, cheppauetlir
present tense: cecheppāuen, cecheppāuer, cecheppāuę, cecheppāuez, cecheppāuemeh, cecheppauenti, cecheppauequi, cecheppauitl
present subjunctive: cheppāuen, cheppāuer, cheppāuę, cheppāuez, cheppāuemeh, cheppauinti, cheppauequi, cheppāuitl
past subjunctive: cheppāuenēn, cheppāuenēr, cheppāuenę, cheppāuenēz, cheppāuenēmeh, cheppāuenēnti, cheppāuenēqui, cheppāuenētl
Participles
- cheppāncǫ, cheppaicō, cheppāzcoz = active participle
- cheppānį, cheppānī, cheppāniz = passive participle
Derivational morphology
- -caz = nominalizer (~ PTal *-ākos)
- -ātl, -ālli, -ātliz = adjectivizer
- -imį, -imi, -imiz = adjectivizer
- -pą, -pā, -paz = nominalizer
Numerals
- zeinuhį = 1st
- titzarą = 2nd
- naxxarą = 3rd
- laupharą = 4th
...
Syntax
Constituent order
SVO, postpositions, gen-noun, adj-noun, noun-rel.
Subordinate clauses
- neh = complementizer (related to -n in Thensarian relativizer rin)