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Natalician (view source)

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* ''Iandaita ťimana '''vin''''' - You ate '''my''' grape
* ''Iandaita ťimana '''vin''''' - You ate '''my''' grape
* ''Rimtiz '''soz''' kołru'' - I saw '''them''' yesterday
* ''Rimtiz '''soz''' kołru'' - I saw '''them''' yesterday
==Verbs==
===Stems of verbs===
Many stems in the dictionary are indivisible; others consist of endings attached to a root.
====Verb-stems from nouns====
The verb-stem ''maršo-'' "build" is the adjective ''mar'' "building" with the suffix ''-šo''.  Many verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives with ''-šĕ'':
:{| class="wikitable"
! Noun !! Verb
|-
| ''baş'' "head" || ''baş'''la'''-'' "make a head", that is, "begin"
|-
| ''kilit'' "lock" || ''kilit'''le'''-'' "make locked", that is, "lock"
|-
| ''kir'' "dirt" || ''kir'''le'''-'' "make dirty"
|}
====Voice====
A verbal root, or a verb-stem in ''-le'', can be lengthened with certain '''extensions'''.  If present, they appear in the following order, and they indicate distinctions of '''[[Grammatical voice|voice]]''':
:{|class="wikitable"
|+ Extensions for voice
|-
! Voice !! Ending !! Notes
|-
![[Reflexive verb|Reflexive]]
|''-(i)n''||rowspan=2| 
|-
![[Reflexive verb#Reciprocal|Reciprocal]]
|''-(i)ş''
|-
!rowspan=4|[[Causative verb|Causative]]
|''-t''||after polysyllabic stems in ''-l'', ''-r'', or a vowel; and
|-
|''-dir''||in other cases; except:
|-
|''-ir, -er, -it''||after some monosyllabic stems; and
|-
| ||there are some other exceptional forms as well.
|-
! [[Passive voice|Passive]]
|''-il''||after stems ending in a consonant other than ''-l''; otherwise, same as reflexive.
|}
These endings might seem to be ''inflectional'' in the sense of the {{section link||Introduction}} above, but their meanings are not always clear from their particular names, and dictionaries do generally give the resulting forms, so in this sense they are ''constructive'' endings.
The causative extension makes an intransitive verb transitive, and a transitive verb '''factitive'''.  Together, the reciprocal and causative extension make the '''repetitive''' extension ''-(i)ştir''.
:{| class="wikitable"
! Verb Root/Stem !! New Verb !! Voice
|-
| rowspan=2 | ''bul'' "find"
| ''buluş'' "meet" || ''-uş'' (reciprocal)
|-
| ''bulun'' "be found/present" || ''-un'' (reflexive)
|-
| rowspan=2 | ''yıka'' "wash (something)"
| ''yıkan'' "wash oneself" || ''-n'' (reflexive)
|-
| ''yıkanıl'' "be washed" || ''-n'' (reflexive) + ''-ıl'' (passive)
|-
| ''kayna'' "(come to a) boil" || ''kaynat'' "(bring to a) boil" ||  ''-t'' (causitive)
|-
| ''öl'' "die"
| ''öldür'' "kill" || ''-dür'' (causitive)
|-
|
:''öldür'' "kill"
| ''öldürt'' "have (someone) killed" || ''-t'' (causitive, factitive)
|-
| ''ara'' "look for"
| ''araştır'' "investigate" || ''-ş'' (reciprocal) + ''-tır'' (causitive) = (repetitive)
|}
====Negation and potential in verb-stems====
A dictionary-stem is '''positive'''; it can be made:
*'''negative''', by addition of ''-me'';
*'''impotential''', by addition of ''-e'' and then ''-me''.
Any of these three (kinds of) stems can be made '''potential''' by addition of ''-e'' and then ''-bil''.  The ''-bil'' is not enclitic, but represents the verb ''bil-'' "know, be able"; the first syllable of the impotential ending represents an obsolete verb ''u-'' "be powerful, able" [[#References|Lewis]] [VIII,55].
So far then, there are six kinds of stems:
:{|class="wikitable"
|+ Paradigm for stems negative, impotential and potential
|-
! ||English infinitive||English finite form
|-
|''gel-''||"come"||"come"
|-
|''gelme-''||"not come"||"do not come"
|-
|''geleme-''||"be unable to come"||"cannot come"
|-
|''gelebil-''||"be able to come"||"can come"
|-
|''gelmeyebil-''||"be able to not come"||"may not come"
|-
|''gelemeyebil-''||"able to be unable to come"||"may be unable to come"
|}
Such stems are not used for aorist forms, which have their own peculiar means of forming negatives and impotentials.
Note that ''-ebil'' is one of several verbs that can be compounded to enhance meaning. See [[#Auxiliary verbs|Auxiliary verbs]].
===Bases of verbs===
The '''characteristics''' with which verb-'''bases''' are formed from '''stems''' are given under {{section link||Inflectional suffixes}}. Note again that aorist verbs have their own peculiar negative and impotential forms.
The '''progressive''' base in ''-mekte'' is discussed under {{section link||Verbal nouns}}.
Another base, namely the '''necessitative''' (''gereklilik''), is formed from a verbal noun.
The characteristic is ''-meli'', where ''-li'' forms adjectives from nouns, and ''-me'' forms gerunds from verb-stems.
A native speaker may perceive the ending ''-meli'' as indivisible; the analysis here is from [[#Lewis]] [VIII,30]).
The '''present''' base is derived from the ancient verb ''yorı-'' "go, walk" [[#Lewis]] [VIII,16]; this can be used for ongoing actions, or for contemplated future actions.
The meaning of the '''aorist''' base is described under [[#Participles|#Adjectives from verbs: participles]].
There is some irregularity in first-person negative and impotential aorists. The full form of the base ''-mez'' (or ''(y)emez'') reappears before the interrogative particle ''mi'':
:''Gelmem'' "I do not come" (cf. ''Gelmez miyim'' "Do I not come?");
:''Gelmeyiz'' "We do not come" (cf. ''Gelmez miyiz'' "Do we not come?")
The '''definite past''' or ''di''-past is used to assert that something did happen in the past.
The '''inferential past''' or ''miş''-past can be understood as asserting that a past participle is applicable ''now''; hence it is used when the fact of a past event, as such, is not important; in particular, the inferential past is used when one did not actually witness the past event.
A newspaper will generally use the ''di''-past, because it is authoritative.  The need to indicate uncertainty and inference by means of the ''miş''-past may help to explain the extensive use of ''ki'' in the newspaper excerpt at [[Turkish vocabulary#The conjunction ki]].
The '''conditional''' (''şart'') verb could also be called "hypothetical"; it is used for remote possibilities, or things one might wish for.  (See also [[#Compound bases]].)
The various bases thus give distinctions of tense, aspect and mood.  These can be briefly tabulated:
:{| class="wikitable"
|+ First-person singular verbs
! Form !! Suffix !! Verb !! English Translation
|-
| Progressive || ''-mekte''
|''gelmekteyim''||"I am in the process of coming"
|-
| Necessitative || ''-meli''
|''gelmeliyim''||"I must come"
|-
| Positive || ''-(i/e)r''
|''gelirim''||"I come"
|-
| Negative || ''-me(z)''
|''gelmem''||"I do not come"
|-
| Impotential || ''-(y)eme(z)''
|''gelemem''||"I cannot come"
|-
| Future || ''-(y)ecek''
|''geleceğim''||"I will come"
|-
| Inferential Past || ''-miş''
|''gelmişim''||"It seems that I came"
|-
| Present/Imperfective || ''-iyor''
|''geliyorum''||"I am coming"
|-
| Perfective/Definite Past || ''-di''
|''geldim''||"I came"
|-
| Conditional || ''-se''
|''gelsem''||"if only I came"
|}
===Questions===
The interrogative [[#Particles|particle]] ''mi'' precedes predicative (type-I) endings (except for the 3rd person plural ''-ler''), but follows the complete verb formed from a verbal, type-II ending:
:''Geliyor  musunuz?'' "Are you coming?" (but: ''Geliyorlar mı?'' "Are they coming?")
:''Geldiniz mi?''      "Did you come?"
===Optative and imperative moods===
Usually, in the '''optative''' (''istek''), only the first-person forms are used, and these supply the lack of a first-person '''imperative''' (''emir''). 
In common practice then, there is one series of endings to express something wished for:
:{| class="wikitable"
|+ Merged Optative & Imperative Moods
|-
! Number !! Person !! Ending !! Example !! English Translation
|-
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! 1st
| ''-(y)eyim'' ||''Geleyim''||"Let me come"
|-
! 2nd
| — || ''Gel'' ||"Come (you, singular)"
|-
! 3rd
| ''-sin'' || ''Gelsin''|| "Let [her/him/it] come"
|-
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
| ''-(y)elim'' || ''Gelelim'' ||"Let us come"
|-
! 2nd
| ''-(y)in(iz)'' || ''Gelin'' ||"Come (you, plural)"
|-
! 3rd
| ''-sinler'' || ''Gelsinler''||"Let them come"
|}
===Copula===
{{main article|Turkish copula}}
The copula in Turkish appears in only two variants―''*imek'', a defective verb often attached to the noun, and ''olmek'', which is a detached regular auxiliary verb.
''*Imek'', derived from the ancient verb ''er-'' [[#Lewis]] [VIII,2], survives in Turkish only in the inferential past, perfective, and conditional:
*''imiş'',
*''idi'',
*''ise''.
The form ''iken'' given under [[#Adverbs from verbs]] is also descended from ''er-''.
Since no more bases are founded on the stem ''i-'', this verb can be called defective.  In particular, ''i-'' forms no negative or impotential stems; negation is achieved with the [[#Adverb of negation]], ''değil'', given earlier.
The ''i-'' bases are often turned into base-forming suffixes without change in meaning; the corresponding suffixes are
*''-(y)miş'',
*''-(y)di'',
*''-(y)se'',
where the ''y'' is used only after vowels. For example, ''Hasta imiş'' and ''Hastaymış'' both mean, "Apparently/Reportedly, he/she/it is ill".
The verb ''i-'' serves as a [[copula (linguistics)|copula]].  When a copula is needed, but the appropriate base in ''i-'' does not exist, then the corresponding base in ''ol-'' is used; when used otherwise this stem means "become". ''Idir'', a variant of ''imek'', is used for emphasis.
The verb ''i-'' is irregular in the way it is used in questions: the particle ''mi'' always precedes it:
:''Kuş idi'' or ''Kuştu'' "It was a bird";
:''Kuş muydu?'' "Was it a bird?"
===Compound bases===<!-- This section is linked from [[Grammatical mood]] -->
The bases so far considered can be called "simple".  A base in ''i-'' can be attached to another base, forming a compound base.  One can then interpret the result in terms of English verb forms by reading backwards.  The following list is representative, not exhaustive:
*Past tenses:
**'''continuous past:''' ''Geliyordum'' "I was coming";
**'''aorist past:''' ''Gelirdim'' "I used to come";
**'''future past:''' ''Gelecektim'' "I was going to come";
**'''pluperfect:''' ''Gelmiştim'' "I had come";
**'''necessitative past:''' ''Gelmeliydim'' "I had to come";
**'''conditional past:''' ''Gelseydim'' "If only I had come."
*Inferential tenses:
**'''continuous inferential:''' ''Geliyormuşum'' "It seems (they say) I am coming";
**'''future inferential:''' ''Gelecekmişim'' "It seems I shall come";
**'''aorist inferential:''' ''Gelirmişim'' "It seems I come";
**'''necessitative inferential:''' ''Gelmeliymişim'' "They say I must come."
By means of ''ise'' or ''-(y)se'', a verb can be made '''conditional''' in the sense of being the hypothesis or protasis of a complex statement:
:''önemli bir şey yapıyorsunuz'' "You are doing something important";
:''Önemli bir şey yapıyorsanız, rahatsız etmeyelim'' "If you are doing something important, let us not cause disturbance."
The simple conditional can be used for remote conditions:
:''Bakmakla öğrenilse, köpekler kasap olurdu'' "If learning by looking were possible, dogs would be butchers."
Hazer
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