Norþimris: Difference between revisions

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====Verbs====
====Verbs====
Norþimris has only two conjugated tenses: the present and the past. Beyond this, a number of moods, tenses and voices are created using auxiliary verbs and modals.
All regular verbs follow the same pattern in the '''present tense''', given below with ''leof'' 'love':
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 40px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sg
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl
|-
! 1
| ''leof''
| rowspan="3" | ''leof''
|-
! 2
| rowspan="2" | ''leofs''
|-
! 3
|}
Whenever the present tense verb is separated from its pronoun or is used with a noun, the ''-s'' form is used throughout (e.g. ''ic, your cining, beeds yu'' 'I, your king, command you', '''t men sings'' 'the men sing').
In the '''past tense''', regular verbs may be divided into strong and weak conjugations, the former conjugating by a vowel change, the latter by the addition of a suffix. There are no distinctions of person in the past tense.
There are eight classes of strong verb, each with different changes in the past tense and the past participle:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 40px;" | Class
! style="width: 200px;" | Present
! style="width: 200px;" | Past
! style="width: 200px;" | Past Participle
|-
| 1
| ''biyt''
| ''beat''
| ''biten''
|-
| 2
| ''beed''
| ''bead''
| ''boden''
|-
| 3
| ''sing''
| ''sang''
| ''sungen''
|-
| 4
| ''beir''
| ''bar''
| ''boren''
|-
| 5
| ''eit''
| ''eat''
| ''eten''
|-
| 6
| ''fear''
| ''feor''
| ''faren''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 7
| ''mau''
| ''mew''
| ''maun''
|-
| ''grou''
| ''grew''
| ''groun''
|-
| ''faud''
| ''feld''
| ''fauden''
|-
| 8
| ''cerf''
| ''carf''
| ''corfen''
|}
Weak verbs form their past tense with a dental suffix, the form of which depends on the stem:
* stems ending in ''-l, -m, -n, -nd'' or a voiceless consonant take ''-t'' (e.g. ''smelt'' 'smelled', ''fiyct'' 'fidgetted', ''lamt'' 'beat');
* stems ending in ''-d'' or ''-t'' take ''-it'' (e.g. ''liltit'' 'hummed', ''bratit'' 'curdled'', ''breidit'' 'stretched');
* other stems take ''-d'' (e.g. ''bleðerd'' 'talked loudly', ''ligd'' 'lay', ''hiysd'' 'hoisted').
A number of verbs in <''ee''> may undergo shortening in the past (e.g. ''bleed'' → ''bledd'', ''meet'' → ''mett'', ''sleep'' → ''slept/sleept''). A number of other verbs have a past tense ending in ''-ht'' (e.g. ''seec'' → ''souht'', ''wurc'' → ''wrouht'', ''lach'' 'catch' → ''lauht'').
The '''imperative''' of regular verbs is identical to the stem (e.g. ''leof mi'' 'love me', ''eit ðiy meit'' 'eat your food').
The '''present participle''' of all verbs is formed with ''-and'' (e.g. ''leofand'' 'loving', ''singand'' 'singing').
The ''past participle'' of most weak verbs is identical to the past tense form (e.g. ''leofd'' 'loved', ''ligd'' 'layed'). The strong verbs form a past participle with ''-(e)n'' and a change of vowel, as shown in the table above but a number of weak verbs ending in ''-d, -t'' also form their past participle in ''-en'' (e.g. ''breiden'' 'stretched', ''leaden'' 'loaded').
A number of irregular verbs occur in Norþimris, the most important of which is ''bie'' 'be':
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sg
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl
! style="width: 100px;" | Participle
|-
! Present
| ''is, 's''
| ''ar, 'r''
| ''bieand''
|-
! Past
| colspan="2" | ''wer''
| ''bien''
|-
! Imperative
| colspan="2" | ''bie''
|
|}
The contracted forms'' 's'' and'' 'r'' are very common in all but the most formal writing and stand alone in the sentence (e.g. '''t man 's singand'' 'the man's singing').
Other irregular verbs are:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Present
! style="width: 100px;" | Past
! style="width: 100px;" | Present Ptc
! style="width: 100px;" | Past Ptc
|-
| do
| ''deo''
| ''didd''
| ''deond''
| ''deon''
|-
| have
| ''hea, has''
| ''hadd''
| ''heand''
| ''hadd''
|-
| rowspan="2" | go
| ''gang/gea''
| ''gangd''
| ''gangand''
| rowspan="2" | ''gean''
|-
| ''gan''
| ''gand''
| ''ganand''
|-
| give
| ''gie''
| ''gaf''
| ''giend''
| ''gien''
|-
| make
| ''mac''
| ''mead''
| ''macand''
| ''mead''
|-
| take
| ''tac''
| ''teac''
| ''tacand''
| ''tean''
|}
Each of the present forms takes ''-s'' in the 2nd and 3rd person singular, but ''hea'' has the separate form ''has''.
The majority of tenses in Norþimris are form periphrastically.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" | Tense
! style="width: 300px;" | Structure
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Example
|-
! Present Continuous
| present of ''bie'' + present participle
| ''i 's singand''
| I am singing
|-
! Past Continuous
| past of ''bie'' + present participle
| ''i wer singand''
| I was singing
|-
! rowspan="2" | Perfect
| present of ''hea'' + past participle
| ''i hea sungen''
| I have sung
|-
| present of ''bie'' + past participle
| ''i 's faun''
| I have fallen
|-
! rowspan="2" | Pluperfect
| past of ''hea'' + past particple
| ''i hadd sungen''
| I had sung
|-
| past of ''bie'' + past participle
| ''i wer faun''
| I had fallen
|-
! Future
| auxiliary ''sal'' + stem
| ''i sal sing''
| I will sing
|}
In the perfect and pluperfect, ''bie'' is used with unaccusative verbs, i.e. verbs in which the subject is not the agent but the patient of the verb (e.g.'' 't snea 's mouten'' 'the snow has melted').


===Syntax===
===Syntax===
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