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Norþimris: Difference between revisions
→Pronouns
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| ''ic'' | | ''ic'' | ||
| ''mi'' | | ''mi'' | ||
| '' | | ''mei'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2sg | | 2sg | ||
| ''ðu, -tu'' | | ''ðu, -tu'' | ||
| '' | | ''ðuy'' | ||
| ''ði'' | | ''ði'' | ||
| '' | | ''ðei'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3sg m. | | 3sg m. | ||
| ''hi'' | | ''hi'' | ||
| '' | | ''hei'' | ||
| colspan="2" | ''him'' | | colspan="2" | ''him'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3sg f. | | 3sg f. | ||
| '' | | ''su'' | ||
| '' | | ''scheu'' | ||
| colspan="2" | ''her'' | | colspan="2" | ''her'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| 1pl | | 1pl | ||
| ''wi'' | | ''wi'' | ||
| '' | | ''wei'' | ||
| ''us'' | | ''us'' | ||
| '' | | ''uys'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2pl | | 2pl | ||
| ''yi'' | | ''yi'' | ||
| '' | | ''yei'' | ||
| ''yu'' | | ''yu'' | ||
| '' | | ''yuy'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3pl | | 3pl | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Several of the personal pronouns have different stressed and unstressed forms. The stressed forms are only used in speech and writing when particular emphasis is put on the pronoun, such as when they occur independently (e.g. ''ic | Several of the personal pronouns have different stressed and unstressed forms. The stressed forms are only used in speech and writing when particular emphasis is put on the pronoun, such as when they occur independently (e.g. ''ic leuf him'' ''''I''' love him', ''hwea didd ðat? Yuy'' 'who did that? You') . Elsewhere, the unstressed forms are used (e.g. ''hi wuns in Yoruc'' 'he lives in York'). | ||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
* the 2nd person singular ''-tu'' is an enclitic form used with interrogative verbs (e.g. ''censtu Cetel?'' 'do you know Cetel?'). | * the 2nd person singular ''-tu'' is an enclitic form used with interrogative verbs (e.g. ''censtu Cetel?'' 'do you know Cetel?'). | ||
* the 3rd person singular forms ''him, her'' and ''hit'' are pronounced without the ''h'' in unstressed position, but this is not expressed in writing. | * the 3rd person singular forms ''him, her'' and ''hit'' are pronounced without the ''h'' in unstressed position, but this is not expressed in writing. | ||
* as in English, 'hi/ | * as in English, ''hi/hei'' are used for male humans, ''su/scheu'' for females and ''hit'' for inanimate objects. | ||
* Norþimris maintains a T/V distinction, in which 2nd person plural '' | * Norþimris maintains a T/V distinction, in which 2nd person plural ''yei'' etc. can be used as formal 'you' when addressing a single person. Its use is generally more restricted than in many European languages, only used in particularly formal situations and not necessarily expected when speaking to elders or strangers. | ||
* there is an informal use of ''us/uus'' in place of ''mi/mie'' (e.g. ''gie us hit'' 'give me it'). | * there is an informal use of ''us/uus'' in place of ''mi/mie'' (e.g. ''gie us hit'' 'give me it'). | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| 1pl | | 1pl | ||
| '' | | ''uyr'' | ||
| '' | | ''uyrs'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2pl | | 2pl | ||
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There is no independent form for the 3rd person neuter. | There is no independent form for the 3rd person neuter. | ||
'''Reflexive''' pronouns are formed with ''-(s)seln'', irregularly pronounced /sɛl/ or /sɛn/ according to dialect, which is added to the object pronouns (e.g. ''misseln'' 'myself', ''herṡeln'' 'herself'). These pronouns are more emphatic than their English counterparts and the object pronouns are preferred when the sense of reflexiveness is already implied (e.g. ''i sau mi | '''Reflexive''' pronouns are formed with ''-(s)seln'', irregularly pronounced /sɛl/ or /sɛn/ according to dialect, which is added to the object pronouns (e.g. ''misseln'' 'myself', ''herṡeln'' 'herself'). These pronouns are more emphatic than their English counterparts and the object pronouns are preferred when the sense of reflexiveness is already implied (e.g. ''i sau mi in 't schewer'' 'I saw myself in the mirror'). | ||
====Demonstrative==== | ====Demonstrative==== | ||
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* pronouns: ''hwea'' 'who', ''hwat'' 'what', ''hwilc'' 'which', referring to things already mentioned or implied, ''hweðer'' 'which of two'; | * pronouns: ''hwea'' 'who', ''hwat'' 'what', ''hwilc'' 'which', referring to things already mentioned or implied, ''hweðer'' 'which of two'; | ||
* adjectives: ''hwilc'' 'what, which', ''hweaṡ'' 'whose'; | * adjectives: ''hwilc'' 'what, which', ''hweaṡ'' 'whose'; | ||
* adverbs: ''hwiy'' 'why', '' | * adverbs: ''hwiy'' 'why', ''huy'' 'how', ''hwear'' 'where', ''hwan'' 'when'. | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||