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Old Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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→Orthography of Old Valthungian
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|valign="top"| '''ao''' | |valign="top"| '''ao''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō | |align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō | ||
|valign="top"| '''''ao''' | |valign="top"| '''''ao'''gyou'' ‘eye’<br />''fr'''ao'''s'' ‘happy’<br />''n'''ao'''huhþan'' ‘still, yet’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|align="left" valign="top"| vv | |align="left" valign="top"| vv | ||
|valign="top"| ''sil'''bv'''a'' ‘self’<br />''ar'''bv'''i'' ‘inheritance’<br />''hlae'''bv'''a'' ‘bread.<span style="font-variant: small-caps>dat</span>’ | |valign="top"| ''sil'''bv'''a'' ‘self’<br />''ar'''bv'''i'' ‘inheritance’<br />''hlae'''bv'''a'' ‘bread.<span style="font-variant: small-caps>dat</span>’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| g | |||
|valign="top"| ɡ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-g.png|12px|G]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''g''' | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | |||
'''' ‘’<br /> | |||
'''' ‘’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| g | |||
|valign="top"| ɡ → ɣ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-gy.png|25px|GY]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''gy''' | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, gð | |||
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | |||
'''' ‘’<br /> | |||
'''' ‘’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū'''). | |align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū'''). | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kw | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kʷ → kw | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-qv.png|23px|QV]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''qv''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| kv, q, ku, cv, cu | ||
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | |valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | ||
'''' ‘’<br /> | '''' ‘’<br /> | ||
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|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| z | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| z → ʐ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-z.png|13px|Z]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''z''' | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ȥ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |||
|valign="top"| ''' | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | |valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | ||
'''' ‘’<br /> | '''' ‘’<br /> | ||
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|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| þ | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| θ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-th.png|18px|Þ]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''þ''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| th, fh, c<ref>'''c''' for /θ/ is anomalous, only appearing in one extant instance, and is most likely the result of a transcription error, though many have used it (grossly incorrectly) to associate Old Valthungian with the Iberian Goths, positing that this somehow relates to ''ceceo'' in modern Spanish. It absolutely does not, and the Old Valthungian speakers never came within 500 miles of present-day Spain, but facts have never stood in the way of good speculation.</ref> | ||
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | |valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | ||
'''' ‘’<br /> | '''' ‘’<br /> | ||
'''' ‘’ | '''' ‘’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| From the Gothic 〈𐌸〉, this letter represented [θ] in Old Valthungian as it did in Gothic, but became [v] in the 11th century, and was replaced by 〈ɵ〉 for [θ] in the 11th century. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| i | |valign="top"| i | ||
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'''' ‘’ | '''' ‘’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated. | |align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| l | |valign="top"| l | ||
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'''' ‘’ | '''' ‘’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated. | |align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| u | |valign="top"| u | ||
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|valign="top"| '''uv''' | |valign="top"| '''uv''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| ū, u, uu | |align="left" valign="top"| ū, u, uu | ||
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | |||
'''' ‘’<br /> | |||
'''' ‘’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| f | |||
|valign="top"| ɸ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-f.png|12px|F]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''f''' | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | |valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | ||
'''' ‘’<br /> | '''' ‘’<br /> | ||
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Our intermediate transcription shows 〈ÿ〉 for the 〈ү〉 letter representing Gothic 〈𐍅/w〉 from Greek 〈υ〉. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from 〈eu〉 (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. | Our intermediate transcription shows 〈ÿ〉 for the 〈ү〉 letter representing Gothic 〈𐍅/w〉 from Greek 〈υ〉. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from 〈eu〉 (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kh | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kʰ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-x.png|13px|KH]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''k''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| kh, ch, χ | ||
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | |||
'''' ‘’<br /> | |||
'''' ‘’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as '''𐍇''', had largely merged with '''k''' by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with '''h''' or even with the Greek letter '''χ''' in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, '''h''' was sometimes added to segments which ''were'' naturally aspirated, as also happened with '''p''' and '''t''' | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| hw | |||
|valign="top"| xw | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-hw.png|18px|HV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''hv''' | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| hv, hw, chv, hu | |||
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | |valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br /> | ||
'''' ‘’<br /> | '''' ‘’<br /> | ||
'''' ‘’ | '''' ‘’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| The Old Valthungian letter most commonly written as 〈ɵ〉, from Gothic 〈𐍈〉, is transliterated as 〈ƕ〉, but later came to represent [θ] during the 11th century. | ||
|} | |} | ||