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Old Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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[[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language lasting from around 800‒1200 | [[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language lasting from around 800‒1200<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> marked mainly by changes to geminates and intervocalic consonants, as well as the introduction of Germanic ī/j-umlaut and some small but important changes to all of the vowels. Though this is a range which experienced many changes, the most representative example of “Old Valthungian” is the language as it is captured in a few surviving texts believed to date to around 950‒975<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> | ||
==Major Changes from Griutungi (and Earlier) to Old Valthungian== | ==Major Changes from Griutungi (and Earlier) to Old Valthungian== | ||
''N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. [[User:Bpnjohnson/Features_shorthand|Please refer to the legend here.]]'' | ''N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. [[User:Bpnjohnson/Features_shorthand|Please refer to the legend here.]]'' | ||
===Variation and Expansion of East Germanic Glide Insertion (~ | ===Variation and Expansion of East Germanic Glide Insertion (~400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> ‒ [remains persistent])=== | ||
Glide Insertion in East Germanic developed differently in Gothic and Griutungi. In Gothic, | Glide Insertion in East Germanic developed differently in Gothic and Griutungi. In Gothic, | ||
it applied optionally between two consecutive vowels only after a stressed vowel when one | it applied optionally between two consecutive vowels only after a stressed vowel when one | ||
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===Germanic Obstruent Devoicing (< | ===Germanic Obstruent Devoicing (< 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> ‒ [remains persistent])=== | ||
Germanic Obstruent Devoicing is a rule inherited from Proto-Germanic which remains persistent in the grammar throughout the transition to East Germanic, Griutungi, Old, Middle, and modern Valthungian. | Germanic Obstruent Devoicing is a rule inherited from Proto-Germanic which remains persistent in the grammar throughout the transition to East Germanic, Griutungi, Old, Middle, and modern Valthungian. | ||
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===Geminate Simplification I (< 400 | ===Geminate Simplification I (< 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)=== | ||
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This is a change that had likely already started long before the division between Gothic and Griutungi, and probably happened similarly in Gothic as well. In the Griutungi lineage, it occurred in three distinct stages: | This is a change that had likely already started long before the division between Gothic and Griutungi, and probably happened similarly in Gothic as well. In the Griutungi lineage, it occurred in three distinct stages: | ||
====Stage I ( < 400 | ====Stage I ( < 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)==== | ||
Intervocalic voiced stops (i.e. /b/, /d/, and /g/) became spirantized: /β/, /ð/, and /ɣ/. This likely happened quite early, perhaps already by Proto-Germanic times, and was clearly in operation in Gothic as well. | Intervocalic voiced stops (i.e. /b/, /d/, and /g/) became spirantized: /β/, /ð/, and /ɣ/. This likely happened quite early, perhaps already by Proto-Germanic times, and was clearly in operation in Gothic as well. | ||
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====Stage II ( ~ 400 | ====Stage II ( ~ 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)==== | ||
The same process occurred, but in Stage II the environment changes to include /l/ and /r/ before the stop and ''any'' sonorant (i.e. /l/, /r/, /m/, or /n/) after. This likely occurred before or during the time of Griutung proper, and may have happened in a similar environment in Gothic. | The same process occurred, but in Stage II the environment changes to include /l/ and /r/ before the stop and ''any'' sonorant (i.e. /l/, /r/, /m/, or /n/) after. This likely occurred before or during the time of Griutung proper, and may have happened in a similar environment in Gothic. | ||
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====Stage III ( ~ 500 | ====Stage III ( ~ 500<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)==== | ||
In the final stage, which happened significantly after the earlier two (probably not before 900 | In the final stage, which happened significantly after the earlier two (probably not before 900<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>), the unvoiced continuants /f/ and /θ/, became voiced in the same environment as stage II. | ||
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===Voicing and Devoicing of Consonant Clusters=== | ===Voicing and Devoicing of Consonant Clusters=== | ||
====Voicing of Word-Final /s/ after a Voiced Consonant (~550 | ====Voicing of Word-Final /s/ after a Voiced Consonant (~550<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)==== | ||
Word-final /s/ was voiced after /b/, /d/, and /g/. (And thus I dispense with the mystery of what the phonetic and phonemic value of the /g/ of Gothic ''dags'' might have been!) | Word-final /s/ was voiced after /b/, /d/, and /g/. (And thus I dispense with the mystery of what the phonetic and phonemic value of the /g/ of Gothic ''dags'' might have been!) | ||
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===Clisis and Lexicalization=== | ===Clisis and Lexicalization=== | ||
Between 600 and 850 | Between 600 and 850<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>, many word boundaries were blurred in the Old Valthungian language. Several clitics became particles, while other words became inseparable. | ||
====Lexicalization of East Germanic Clitics==== | ====Lexicalization of East Germanic Clitics==== | ||
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===Changes to Geminate Consonants=== | ===Changes to Geminate Consonants=== | ||
Between 500‒650 | Between 500‒650<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> all of the geminate consonants inherited from Griutungi were condensed to a single consonant. This also put an end to a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic whereby geminate consonants collapsed before and obstruent or a word-boundary, there being no more geminate consonants to encounter such an environment. | ||
====Changes to Geminate Obstruents==== | ====Changes to Geminate Obstruents==== | ||
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=====Stage II===== | =====Stage II===== | ||
Much later, perhaps as late as 750 or 800 | Much later, perhaps as late as 750 or 800<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>, '''pm''' shifts to '''tm''', but only in words which had previously contained geminate '''mm''' | ||
<code>pm → tm</code> | <code>pm → tm</code> | ||
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“''Unstressed '''a''' is deleted word-finally after a nasal consonant or '''t'''.''” | “''Unstressed '''a''' is deleted word-finally after a nasal consonant or '''t'''.''” | ||
==Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950 | ==Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>== | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
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==Orthography of Old Valthungian== | ==Orthography of Old Valthungian== | ||
There is very little extant text in Old Valthungian, and what does exist is quite variable, but this is a “regularlised” version of the orthography used at the time around | There is very little extant text in Old Valthungian, and what does exist is quite variable, but this is a “regularlised” version of the orthography used at the time around 850<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>, with notes where there are variants. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;" | ||
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Though there are very few extant Old Valthungian texts, obnoxiously large numbers of the Pater Noster text have been discovered. Here's one now: | Though there are very few extant Old Valthungian texts, obnoxiously large numbers of the Pater Noster text have been discovered. Here's one now: | ||
[[File:OV Pater noster.png|Pater Noster in Old Valthungian ca. | [[File:OV Pater noster.png|Pater Noster in Old Valthungian ca. 952<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>]] | ||
ahta unsar þuv in himinam vijhnae namou þijn | ahta unsar þuv in himinam vijhnae namou þijn | ||