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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Old Valthungian | |name = Old Valthungian | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = Sou Vlaðungiskou Tungou | ||
|pronunciation = / | |pronunciation = /soʊ̯ ˈwlɑ.ðʊŋ.ɡɪ.skoʊ̯ tʊŋ.ɡoʊ̯/ | ||
|creator = [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br /> | |creator = [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br /> | ||
<small>creator of:<br /> | <small>creator of:<br /> | ||
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|fam3 = [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]] | |fam3 = [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]] | ||
|fam4 = [[Griutungi]] | |fam4 = [[Griutungi]] | ||
|script = [[Old_Valthungian#Orthography_of_Old_Valthungian|Old Valthungian Alphabet]]<br />[[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration) | |script = [[Old_Valthungian#Orthography_of_Old_Valthungian|Old Valthungian Alphabet]]<br /> | ||
[[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration) | |||
|iso3 = qgt | |iso3 = qgt | ||
|brcl = grey | |brcl = grey | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language lasting from around 800‒1200<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> marked mainly by changes to geminates and | [[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language | ||
lasting from around 800‒1200<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> marked mainly | |||
by changes to geminates and metathesis of liquids, as well as the introduction of Germanic | |||
ī/j-umlaut and some small but important changes to all of the vowels. Though this is a range | |||
which experienced many changes, the most representative example of “Old Valthungian” is the | |||
language as it is captured in a few surviving texts believed to date to around | |||
950‒975<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>. | |||
==Major Changes from Griutungi (and Earlier) to Old Valthungian== | ==Major Changes from Griutungi (and Earlier) to Old Valthungian== | ||
''N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. [[User:Bpnjohnson/Features_shorthand|Please refer to the legend here.]]'' | ''N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described | ||
features are limited to three characters. [[User:Bpnjohnson/Features_shorthand|Please refer | |||
to the legend here.]]'' | |||
===Variation and Expansion of East Germanic Glide Insertion (~400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> ‒ [remains persistent])=== | ===Variation and Expansion of East Germanic Glide Insertion (~400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> ‒ [remains persistent])=== | ||
Glide Insertion in East Germanic developed differently in Gothic and Griutungi. In Gothic, | Glide Insertion in East Germanic developed differently in Gothic and Griutungi. In Gothic, | ||
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front and back glide insertion (/j/ and /w/), is not optional, and applies to any consecutive | front and back glide insertion (/j/ and /w/), is not optional, and applies to any consecutive | ||
vowels where one of the vowels is not <code>+low</code>, so both the infinitive and third | vowels where one of the vowels is not <code>+low</code>, so both the infinitive and third | ||
person singular present indicative of | person singular present indicative of ‘sow’ show glide insertion: ''sǣjan'', ''sǣjiþ''. | ||
This rule remains persistent in the grammar of Griutungi through Old, Middle, and even Modern | This rule remains persistent in the grammar of Griutungi through Old, Middle, and even Modern | ||
Valthungian, though the environment of the rule | Valthungian, though the environment of the rule may change slightly as the language changes. | ||
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;" | {| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;" | ||
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''“A glide ('''w''') is inserted between a non-low back vowel and a following vowel.”'' | ''“A glide ('''w''') is inserted between a non-low back vowel and a following vowel.”'' | ||
To describe it differently, a glide must be inserted between two consecutive vowels, the value of which (front or back) is determined by the value of the first vowel. | To describe it differently, a glide must be inserted between two consecutive (non-diphthong) vowels, the value of which (front or back) is determined by the value of the first vowel. | ||
E.g.: | E.g.: | ||
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!width="200"| | !width="200"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''* | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''*sǭwilō''''' <br />/sɔːwiloː/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sauil''''' <br />/sɔː.il/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sauil''''' <br />/sɔː.il/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sōwila''''' <br />/soːwilɑ/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sōwila''''' <br />/soːwilɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''saovgyila''''' <br />/sɔːu̯ɣilɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sougila''''' <br />/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sougila''''' <br />/səu̯ɡilɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sōgila''''' <br />/sau̯ɡilɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sōgila''''' <br />/sau̯ɡilɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘sun’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘sun’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''* | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''*sǣaną → *sǣidi''''' <br />/sɛːɑnɑ̃ → sǣiði/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''saejjan → saejjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːʝjɑn → sɛːʝjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''saezjen → saezjiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒjən → se̞ːʒjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžin → sǣžiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒin → se̞ːʒiθ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžin → sǣžiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒin → se̞ːʒiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”) | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''* | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''*rōaną → *rōidi''''' <br />/roːɑnɑ̃ → roːiði/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*rauan → *rauiþ''''' <br />/rɔːɑn → rɔːiθ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''*rauan → *rauiþ''''' <br />/rɔːɑn → rɔːiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''* | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*rǭwan → *rǭwiþ''''' <br />/rɔːwɑn → rɔːwiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''* | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''*raovgyan → raovgyiþ''''' <br />/rɔːu̯ɣɑn → rɔːu̯ɣiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''rougɴ → rougiþ''''' <br />/rəu̯ɡn̩ → rəu̯ɡiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rōgna → rōgiþ''''' <br />/rau̯ɡnɑ → rau̯ɡiθ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''rōgna → rōgiþ''''' <br />/rau̯ɡnɑ → rau̯ɡiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to row’ → ‘rows’ (“roweth”) | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to row’ → ‘rows’ (“roweth”) | ||
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|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*giban → *gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*giban → *gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gibvan → gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''gibvan → gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''givɴ → gavf''''' <br />/ɡivn̩ → ɡɑf/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''givna → gaf''''' <br />/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''givna → gaf''''' <br />/ɡivnɑ → ɡɑf/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to give’ → ‘gave’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to give’ → ‘gave’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''rēdan → rēþ''''' <br />/reːðɑn → reːθ/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''rēdan → rēþ''''' <br />/reːðɑn → reːθ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*rēdan → *rēþ''''' <br />/reːðɑn → reːθ/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*rēdan → *rēþ''''' <br />/reːðɑn → reːθ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''reiðan → *reiþ''''' <br />/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''reiðan → *reiþ''''' <br />/reɪ̯ðɑn → reɪ̯θ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''reiðan → | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''reiðan → reiðþ''''' <br />/rəi̯ðn̩ → rəi̯θ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''rēðna → rēþ''''' <br />/rai̯ðnɑ → rai̯θ/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''rēðna → rēþ''''' <br />/rai̯ðnɑ → rai̯θ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to speak’ → ‘speak!’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to speak’ → ‘speak!’ | ||
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| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan → ōhta''''' <br />/oːɣɑn → oːhtɑ/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan → ōhta''''' <br />/oːɣɑn → oːhtɑ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan → *ōhta''''' <br />/oːɣɑn → oːxtɑ/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan → *ōhta''''' <br />/oːɣɑn → oːxtɑ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*ougyan → *ouhta''''' <br />/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''*ougyan → *ouhta''''' <br />/oʊ̯ɣɑn → oʊ̯xtɑ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougan → oufta''''' <br />/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougan → oufta''''' <br />/əu̯ɡn̩ → əu̯ftɑ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna → ōfta''''' <br />/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna → ōfta''''' <br />/ɑu̯gnɑ → ɑu̯ftɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fear’ → ‘I feared’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fear’ → ‘I feared’ | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Geminate Simplification I (< 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)=== | ===Geminate Simplification I (< 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)=== | ||
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|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*hlǣba''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑ/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*hlǣba''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''hlaebva''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑ/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''hlaebva''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlaeva''''' <br />/θle̞ːvɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlǣva''''' <br />/θle̞ːvɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlǣva''''' <br />/θle̞ːvɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘loaf.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">dat</span>’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘loaf.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">dat</span>’ | ||
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| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdar''''' <br />/moːðɑr/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdar''''' <br />/moːðɑr/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdar''''' <br />/moːðɑr/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdar''''' <br />/moːðɑr/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''mouðar''''' <br />/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''mouðar''''' <br />/moʊ̯ðɑr/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''mouðʀ''''' <br />/məu̯ðr̩/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''mōðra''''' <br />/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''mōðra''''' <br />/mɑu̯ðrɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mother’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mother’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ougyan''''' <br />/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ougyan''''' <br />/oʊ̯ɣɑn/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougɴ''''' <br />/əu̯ɡn̩/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna''''' <br />/au̯ɡnɑ/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna''''' <br />/au̯ɡnɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fear’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fear’ | ||
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ahta unsar þuv in himinam vijhnae namou þijn | ahta unsar þuv in himinam vijhnae namou þijn | ||
qvimae | qvimae þivðinahsus þijns vreðae vlijja þijns | ||
svei in himina jah an | svei in himina jah an reðae hlaef unsaran | ||
þan sintijnan gif uns | þan sintijnan gif uns hipma dagya jah afleit | ||
uns | uns þeatij skulans sijjaem svasvei jah vijs | ||
afleitam þaem skulam unsaraem jah nij | afleitam þaem skulam unsaraem jah nij bringaes | ||
uns in fraestubvnjae ak leaosij uns af | uns in fraestubvnjae ak leaosij uns af þapma | ||
ubvilin untei þijna ist | ubvilin untei þijna ist þivðangraði jah mahts | ||
jah | jah vluðus in aejugins · ahmein | ||
. | . |