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2,064 bytes added ,  23 August 2019
→‎Orthography of Old Valthungian
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==Orthography of Old Valthungian==
==Orthography of Old Valthungian==
There is very little extant text in Old Valthungian, and what does exist is quite variable, but this is a “regularlised” version of the orthography used at the time, with notes where there are variants.
There is very little extant text in Old Valthungian, and what does exist is quite variable, but this is a “regularlised” version of the orthography used at the time, with notes where there are variants.
Line 1,512: Line 1,513:
|valign="top"| '''ae'''
|valign="top"| '''ae'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ai, ee
|align="left" valign="top"| ai, ee
|valign="top"| ''h'''aa'''hs'' ‘shark’<br />''f'''aa'''han'' ‘to capture’<br />''andaþ'''aa'''ht'' ‘rational’
|valign="top"| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />''aeðij'' ‘mother’<br />''twae'' ‘two’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,519: Line 1,520:
|valign="top"| '''ao'''
|valign="top"| '''ao'''
|align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō
|align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| ''oaga'' ‘eye’<br />''fraos'' ‘happy’<br />''naohuhþan'' ‘still, yet’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,526: Line 1,527:
|valign="top"| '''b'''
|valign="top"| '''b'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,533: Line 1,536:
|valign="top"| '''bv'''
|valign="top"| '''bv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| vv
|align="left" valign="top"| vv
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,540: Line 1,545:
|valign="top"| '''d'''
|valign="top"| '''d'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
Line 1,547: Line 1,555:
|valign="top"| '''ð'''
|valign="top"| '''ð'''
|align="left" valign="top"| dv, dd, δ
|align="left" valign="top"| dv, dd, δ
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Though ð is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling ϫ, the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.
|align="left"| Though ð is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling ϫ, the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.
|-
|-
Line 1,554: Line 1,564:
|valign="top"| '''e'''
|valign="top"| '''e'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ai
|align="left" valign="top"| ai
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,560: Line 1,572:
|valign="top"| œː
|valign="top"| œː
|valign="top"| '''eao'''
|valign="top"| '''eao'''
|align="left"| eoa, eō, eoo
|align="left" valign="top"| eoa, eō, eoo
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au''').
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au''').
|-
|-
Line 1,568: Line 1,582:
|valign="top"| '''ei'''
|valign="top"| '''ei'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ē, ee, ej
|align="left" valign="top"| ē, ee, ej
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,575: Line 1,591:
|valign="top"| '''eo'''
|valign="top"| '''eo'''
|align="left" valign="top"| oe, ø
|align="left" valign="top"| oe, ø
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au''').
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au''').
|-
|-
Line 1,582: Line 1,600:
|valign="top"| '''eou'''
|valign="top"| '''eou'''
|align="left" valign="top"| eoo, eō, ooe
|align="left" valign="top"| eoo, eō, ooe
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō''').
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō''').
|-
|-
Line 1,589: Line 1,609:
|valign="top"| '''eu'''
|valign="top"| '''eu'''
|align="left" valign="top"| y, ue
|align="left" valign="top"| y, ue
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''.
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''.
|-
|-
Line 1,596: Line 1,618:
|valign="top"| '''euv'''
|valign="top"| '''euv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| yy, uue, euu, eeu
|align="left" valign="top"| yy, uue, euu, eeu
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū''').
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū''').
|-
|-
Line 1,603: Line 1,627:
|valign="top"| '''f'''
|valign="top"| '''f'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,610: Line 1,636:
|valign="top"| '''g'''
|valign="top"| '''g'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,617: Line 1,645:
|valign="top"| '''gy'''
|valign="top"| '''gy'''
|align="left" valign="top"| y, gð
|align="left" valign="top"| y, gð
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,624: Line 1,654:
|valign="top"| '''h'''
|valign="top"| '''h'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,631: Line 1,663:
|valign="top"| '''ƕ'''
|valign="top"| '''ƕ'''
|align="left" valign="top"| hv, hw, chv, hu
|align="left" valign="top"| hv, hw, chv, hu
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,638: Line 1,672:
|valign="top"| '''i'''
|valign="top"| '''i'''
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,645: Line 1,681:
|valign="top"| '''ij'''
|valign="top"| '''ij'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ī, ei, ij
|align="left" valign="top"| ī, ei, ij
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,652: Line 1,690:
|valign="top"| '''j'''
|valign="top"| '''j'''
|align="left" valign="top"| i
|align="left" valign="top"| i
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,659: Line 1,699:
|valign="top"| '''ju'''
|valign="top"| '''ju'''
|align="left" valign="top"| iu, iv, jv
|align="left" valign="top"| iu, iv, jv
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,666: Line 1,708:
|valign="top"| '''k'''
|valign="top"| '''k'''
|align="left" valign="top"| c
|align="left" valign="top"| c
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated.
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated.
|-
|-
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|valign="top"| '''k'''
|valign="top"| '''k'''
|align="left" valign="top"| kh, ch, χ
|align="left" valign="top"| kh, ch, χ
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as '''𐍇''', had largely merged with '''k''' by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with '''h''' or even with the Greek letter '''χ''' in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, '''h''' was sometimes added to segments which ''were'' naturally aspirated, as also happened with '''p''' and '''t'''
|align="left"| This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as '''𐍇''', had largely merged with '''k''' by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with '''h''' or even with the Greek letter '''χ''' in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, '''h''' was sometimes added to segments which ''were'' naturally aspirated, as also happened with '''p''' and '''t'''
|-
|-
Line 1,680: Line 1,726:
|valign="top"| '''qv'''
|valign="top"| '''qv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| kv, q, ku, cv, cu
|align="left" valign="top"| kv, q, ku, cv, cu
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,687: Line 1,735:
|valign="top"| '''l'''
|valign="top"| '''l'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,694: Line 1,744:
|valign="top"| '''l'''
|valign="top"| '''l'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,701: Line 1,753:
|valign="top"| '''m'''
|valign="top"| '''m'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,708: Line 1,762:
|valign="top"| '''m'''
|valign="top"| '''m'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,715: Line 1,771:
|valign="top"| '''n'''
|valign="top"| '''n'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,722: Line 1,780:
|valign="top"| '''n'''
|valign="top"| '''n'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,729: Line 1,789:
|valign="top"| '''ng'''
|valign="top"| '''ng'''
|align="left" valign="top"| gg
|align="left" valign="top"| gg
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|-
|-
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|valign="top"| '''nk'''
|valign="top"| '''nk'''
|align="left" valign="top"| gk, gc
|align="left" valign="top"| gk, gc
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|-
|-
Line 1,743: Line 1,807:
|valign="top"| '''nqv'''
|valign="top"| '''nqv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| gq, gqv, nq, nkv, ncu...
|align="left" valign="top"| gq, gqv, nq, nkv, ncu...
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|-
|-
Line 1,750: Line 1,816:
|valign="top"| '''o'''
|valign="top"| '''o'''
|align="left" valign="top"| au
|align="left" valign="top"| au
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,757: Line 1,825:
|valign="top"| '''ou'''
|valign="top"| '''ou'''
|align="left" valign="top"| oo, ō, o, ov
|align="left" valign="top"| oo, ō, o, ov
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,764: Line 1,834:
|valign="top"| '''p'''
|valign="top"| '''p'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated.
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated.
|-
|-
Line 1,771: Line 1,843:
|valign="top"| '''r'''
|valign="top"| '''r'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,778: Line 1,852:
|valign="top"| '''r'''
|valign="top"| '''r'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,785: Line 1,861:
|valign="top"| '''s'''
|valign="top"| '''s'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,792: Line 1,870:
|valign="top"| '''t'''
|valign="top"| '''t'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated.
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated.
|-
|-
Line 1,799: Line 1,879:
|valign="top"| '''u'''
|valign="top"| '''u'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,806: Line 1,888:
|valign="top"| '''uv'''
|valign="top"| '''uv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ū, u, uu
|align="left" valign="top"| ū, u, uu
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,813: Line 1,897:
|valign="top"| '''v'''
|valign="top"| '''v'''
|align="left" valign="top"| vv, uu, ƿ
|align="left" valign="top"| vv, uu, ƿ
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,820: Line 1,906:
|valign="top"| '''y'''
|valign="top"| '''y'''
|align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui
|align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.
|align="left"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.
|-
|-
Line 1,827: Line 1,915:
|valign="top"| '''z'''
|valign="top"| '''z'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ȥ
|align="left" valign="top"| ȥ
|valign="top"| ''
|valign="top"| '''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|}
|}
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