forumadmin, Administrators
2,041
edits
Oscanez: Difference between revisions
adding categories
Godisawoman (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
(adding categories) |
||
| (19 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) | |||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
|nativename=''L'oscanez'' | |nativename=''L'oscanez'' | ||
|pronunciation=/os.ka.ˈnez/ | |pronunciation=/os.ka.ˈnez/ | ||
|speakers= | |speakers= 1,700 | ||
|date=2015 | |date=2015 | ||
|familycolor=Indo-European | |familycolor=Indo-European | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
Oscanez, or Oscan (<small>English: /</small>ɒs.kə.ˈnez, ˈɒs,kən/ primarily called Oscan in English) [os.ka.ˈnez] is a Romance language originatin in the destroyed Roman city of Oscanium, from the Vulgar Latin spoken around that region of Spain. It is spoken in the north of Spain, near southern France. It shares several features with the Benasque dialects and High Aragonese, as well as French and Spanish. Oscanez is spoken by around 9,000 people, primarily the older generation. It is a highly endangered language. | Oscanez, or Oscan (<small>English: /</small>ɒs.kə.ˈnez, ˈɒs,kən/ primarily called Oscan in English) [os.ka.ˈnez] is a Romance language originatin in the destroyed Roman city of Oscanium, from the Vulgar Latin spoken around that region of Spain. It is spoken in the north of Spain, near southern France. It shares several features with the Benasque dialects and High Aragonese, as well as French and Spanish. Oscanez is spoken by around 9,000 people, primarily the older generation. It is a highly endangered language. | ||
Its name, Oscanez, comes from the old city | Its name, Oscanez, comes from the old city Oscanium (''Oscanyo'', in Oscanez), in northern Spain. Historically, the inhabitants of the Oscanez speaking region were ancient Iberians, and their language influenced Oscanez. The Oscanses were also influenced by the Arabs in the middle ages, and the French, Portuguese and Spanish in the modern age. | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
Oscanez is a (C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) language. | Oscanez is a (C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) language. | ||
| Line 111: | Line 112: | ||
*Unvoiced fricatives become voiced before a voiced plosive or nasal. Unvoiced plosives become fricatives and voice as well. For example, the borrowed word ''atmosfera'' /atmosɸera/ is realized as [aðmosɸera] and is sometimes just dropped [amosɸera]. Ot examples include ''ami'''g'''dala'' or ''a'''d'''ministrajón.'' | *Unvoiced fricatives become voiced before a voiced plosive or nasal. Unvoiced plosives become fricatives and voice as well. For example, the borrowed word ''atmosfera'' /atmosɸera/ is realized as [aðmosɸera] and is sometimes just dropped [amosɸera]. Ot examples include ''ami'''g'''dala'' or ''a'''d'''ministrajón.'' | ||
*/ʎ/ has a tendency to be pronounced as a fricative [ʝ]. | */ʎ/ has a tendency to be pronounced as a fricative [ʝ]. | ||
*/r/ and [ɾ] are | */r/ and [ɾ] are not distinguished by many speakers, but the general tendency is /r/ at the beginning of words and when represented by a double r. | ||
=== Vowels === | === Vowels === | ||
| Line 191: | Line 192: | ||
* Onset (can be null) | * Onset (can be null) | ||
** First consonant (C<sub>1</sub>): anything except for clusters including nasals or /s/. | ** First consonant (C<sub>1</sub>): anything except for clusters including nasals or /s/. | ||
** Second consonant (C<sub>2</sub>): rhotic, approximant or lateral (if C<sub>1</sub> is a plosive). The clusters /tl/ and /dl/ are not allowed, and /ʎ/ is not allowed in clusters. | ** Second consonant (C<sub>2</sub>): rhotic, approximant or lateral (if C<sub>1</sub> is a plosive). The clusters /tl/ and /dl/ are not allowed, and /ʎ/ is not allowed in clusters. | ||
* Nucleus | * Nucleus | ||
| Line 260: | Line 261: | ||
|b | |b | ||
|tʃ | |tʃ | ||
| | |ʎ | ||
|z | |z | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 274: | Line 275: | ||
* <h> is totally null, only occurring orthographically when etymology is wanted. This is showcased in the word ''honye'' which means man, but is pronounced [õɲe]. | * <h> is totally null, only occurring orthographically when etymology is wanted. This is showcased in the word ''honye'' which means man, but is pronounced [õɲe]. | ||
* /ɲ/ is represented by <ny>. | * /ɲ/ is represented by <ny>. | ||
| Line 344: | Line 343: | ||
|Polas | |Polas | ||
|} | |} | ||
The personal pronoun ''jo'' can be reduced to ''j'<nowiki/>'' before a vowel and null "h". The same is true for the prepositions ''de'' and ''en'', which convert to ''d' '' and ''n' ''respectively. In reflexive verbs (or situations where ''me, te,'' and ''se'' proceed a vowel), ''me, te,'' and ''se'' also lose their vowel (''m'''). The negative ''no'' also becomes ''n' '' in those situations. | The personal pronoun ''jo'' can be reduced to ''j'<nowiki/>'' before a vowel and null "h". The same is true for the prepositions ''de'' and ''en'', which convert to ''d' '' and ''n' ''respectively. In reflexive verbs (or situations where ''me, te,'' and ''se'' proceed a vowel), ''me, te,'' and ''se'' also lose their vowel (''m'''). The negative ''no'' also becomes ''n' '' in those situations. The conjunction ''che'' contracts to ''ch' '' before a word starting with "e." | ||
= Grammar = | = Grammar = | ||
| Line 373: | Line 372: | ||
|Cibdats | |Cibdats | ||
|Pelsóns | |Pelsóns | ||
| | |Maisóns | ||
|Pajes | |Pajes | ||
|Pares | |Pares | ||
| Line 392: | Line 391: | ||
* ''fort'' → ''fort, fort /'' (plural) ''forts, forts'' | * ''fort'' → ''fort, fort /'' (plural) ''forts, forts'' | ||
The adjectives ''blanz'' and ''bon'' are the only exceptions to the above rule, inflecting ''blanz, blanca, blancos, blancas'' and ''bon, buina, bons, bons''. | The adjectives ''blanz'' and ''bon'' are the only exceptions to the above rule, inflecting ''blanz, blanca, blancos, blancas'' and ''bon, buina, bons, bons''. Certain ordinal numbers maintain a gender distinction as well. | ||
Similar to irregular pluralization, if the lemma of an adjective ends in ''t'', ''no, n, z'', it pluralizes according to the irregular noun rules. | Similar to irregular pluralization, if the lemma of an adjective ends in ''t'', ''no, n, z'', it pluralizes according to the irregular noun rules. | ||
| Line 437: | Line 436: | ||
|las | |las | ||
|} | |} | ||
The masculine singular definite article has three acceptable forms. The most common are ''lo'' and ''o'', with ''o'' most common and ''lo'' used with substantive adjectives suggesting generality, or with titles (''lo senyor''). ''Lo'' is also used with masculine names where English would have no article. ''La'' has this function for women. | The masculine singular definite article has three acceptable forms. The most common are ''lo'' and ''o'', with ''o'' most common and ''lo'' used with substantive adjectives suggesting generality, or with titles (''lo senyor''). ''Lo'' is also used with masculine names (and direct address) where English would have no article. ''La'' has this function for women. | ||
The masculine and feminine singular forms elide to <l’> before null <h> and vowels. For example, the grammatically correct form is “l’abentura” instead of suspected ''*la abentura''. | The masculine and feminine singular forms elide to <l’> before null <h> and vowels. For example, the grammatically correct form is “l’abentura” instead of suspected ''*la abentura''. | ||
| Line 462: | Line 461: | ||
Like the definite article, the singular forms elide. The feminine changes to ''un'' before vowels. For example, the grammatically correct form of “an ear” is ''un oreya'' | Like the definite article, the singular forms elide. The feminine changes to ''un'' before vowels. For example, the grammatically correct form of “an ear” is ''un oreya'' | ||
The article is almost always carried by the noun, with the only exceptions being when other determiners modify the noun. In places where English drops the article, the article is kept. These include the subject for general nouns, objects, and almost any place where English could delete its article. For example, to write “Summer is good,” one writes “O verán | The article is almost always carried by the noun, with the only exceptions being when other determiners modify the noun. In places where English drops the article, the article is kept. These include the subject for general nouns, objects, and almost any place where English could delete its article. For example, to write “Summer is good,” one writes “O verán en bon.” | ||
=== Determiners=== | === Determiners=== | ||
| Line 678: | Line 678: | ||
''Elo'' is used in impersonal expressions, with a similar semantic use to French ''ça'' or Spanish ''eso''. It is also used in expressions of weather, where English would use "it." It is also used in expressions where Spanish would use ''se'' and French ''un'', such as ''elo o-puide'' (we can do it, it can be done). | ''Elo'' is used in impersonal expressions, with a similar semantic use to French ''ça'' or Spanish ''eso''. It is also used in expressions of weather, where English would use "it." It is also used in expressions where Spanish would use ''se'' and French ''un'', such as ''elo o-puide'' (we can do it, it can be done). | ||
There is an inclusive-exclusive distinction in the first person plural, with ''tonos'' to include the person the speaker is addressing, and ''nosautres'' is used to exclude the person which the speaker is addressing. | There is an inclusive-exclusive distinction in the first person plural, with ''tonos'' to include the person the speaker is addressing, and ''nosautres'' is used to exclude the person which the speaker is addressing. In this grammar, ''nos'' is used to mean both subject pronouns (as they have the same verb conjugation). | ||
The comitative inflection (with me) comes from Latin *''cum (me)cum''. Similar structures exist in Ibero-Romance. | The comitative inflection (with me) comes from Latin *''cum (me)cum''. Similar structures exist in Ibero-Romance. | ||
| Line 814: | Line 814: | ||
In general, ''O present'' is used forː | In general, ''O present'' is used forː | ||
* events happening in the present -- | * events happening in the present -- Nosautres ''vibimos'' na cibdat (We ''live'' in the city). | ||
* habitual actions -- Jo ''trayo'' pol las nuits (I ''work'' at night) | * habitual actions -- Jo ''trayo'' pol las nuits (I ''work'' at night) | ||
* current states of being and conditions -- Agora, ''te remáns'' con lo Ayejandro? (Now, do you ''stay'' with Alexander?) | * current states of being and conditions -- Agora, ''te remáns'' con lo Ayejandro? (Now, do you ''stay'' with Alexander?) | ||
| Line 1,095: | Line 1,095: | ||
It expressesː | It expressesː | ||
* habitual or repetitive action in the past -- Con | * habitual or repetitive action in the past -- Con j'''era'' rabaz... (When I ''was'' a boy...) | ||
* an action interrupted by another action as in conjunction -- Díntel jo ''correa'', o-oí (While I was ''running'', I heard him) | * an action interrupted by another action as in conjunction -- Díntel jo ''correa'', o-oí (While I was ''running'', I heard him) | ||
| Line 1,406: | Line 1,406: | ||
*question with a subordinate clause -- Pensa ch'ela ''esté'' ayegre? (Does he think that she ''is'' happy?) | *question with a subordinate clause -- Pensa ch'ela ''esté'' ayegre? (Does he think that she ''is'' happy?) | ||
*indirect questions -- Se on tu ''estés'' (I know where you ''are'') | *indirect questions -- Se on tu ''estés'' (I know where you ''are'') | ||
**This use is very productive in Oscanez, where the conjunction ''polché'' takes an indicative if it means "because" and a subjunctive when it means "why." | |||
*expressions of doubt, denial or uncertainty -- No creo ch'el ''esté'' na cibdat (I don't think he ''is'' in the city) | *expressions of doubt, denial or uncertainty -- No creo ch'el ''esté'' na cibdat (I don't think he ''is'' in the city) | ||
*impersonal expressions without certainty -- Elo e important ch'ela ''ale'' a l'escuila (It is important that she ''go'' to school) | *impersonal expressions without certainty -- Elo e important ch'ela ''ale'' a l'escuila (It is important that she ''go'' to school) | ||
*indirect commands, recommendations or desires -- Oro che Deos nuis ''de'' salut (I pray that God ''give'' us health) | *indirect commands, recommendations or desires -- Oro che Deos nuis ''de'' salut (I pray that God ''give'' us health) | ||
*expressions with emotion -- Temo che l'ejercit ''venya'' (I fear that the army ''is coming'') | *expressions with emotion -- Temo che l'ejercit ''venya'' (I fear that the army ''is coming'') | ||
*with the particle ''ualá -- ''Ualá ''puida'' nadar (Hopefully he ''can'' swim) | *with the particle ''ualá -- ''Ualá ''puida'' nadar (Hopefully he ''can'' swim) | ||
| Line 1,536: | Line 1,535: | ||
|Sachemos<sup>1</sup> | |Sachemos<sup>1</sup> | ||
|} | |} | ||
1. The orthographical change to preserve the /k/ sound is to insert a <h> before the /e/ vowel. A similar process occurs in other Romance orthographies, and the process also happens with <g> (''cargar'' becomes ''carghe).'' | 1. The orthographical change to preserve the /k/ sound is to insert a <h> before the /e/ vowel. A similar process occurs in other Romance orthographies, and the process also happens with <g> (''cargar'' becomes ''carghe).' | ||
' | |||
==== Future Subjunctive / ''O Futuro del Subjuntif''==== | |||
The future subjunctive is a new periphrastic tense which developed from the present subjunctive forms of ''ir''. It is used for: | |||
*conditions where the main clause is in the future tense or a command -- Si tu ''ales falar con ela'', di-a.. (If you talk to her, tell her...) | |||
*with certain adverbial conjunctions to show anticipation where there is a future main clause -- Remanerá ací atá ''ale voyer'' partir (He will stay here until he ''wants'' to leave) | |||
*in conjunction with negative main clauses where the subordinate clause implies uncertainty -- Jo no se poz ch'ela ''ale'' fajel (I don't know what she ''might do'') | |||
The future subjunctive is formed with the forms of ''ir'' in the present subjunctive, as well as the infinitive of the verb. | |||
==== Imperfect Subjunctive / ''L'imperfeit del Subjuntif''==== | ==== Imperfect Subjunctive / ''L'imperfeit del Subjuntif''==== | ||
| Line 1,594: | Line 1,603: | ||
In the subjunctive mood, the verb ''haber'' can be conjugated to show the perfect aspect, exactly like the indicative. It only has six forms, present and imperfect. These are combined with the past participle to create the new tense. This form is important to keep the sequence of tenses in the subjunctive, which is much stricter than the sequence of tenses in the indicative. | In the subjunctive mood, the verb ''haber'' can be conjugated to show the perfect aspect, exactly like the indicative. It only has six forms, present and imperfect. These are combined with the past participle to create the new tense. This form is important to keep the sequence of tenses in the subjunctive, which is much stricter than the sequence of tenses in the indicative. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Sequence of Tenses | |+Sequence of Tenses in the Subjunctive | ||
!Main Verb | !Main Verb | ||
!Anterior Relationship | !Anterior Relationship | ||
| Line 1,603: | Line 1,612: | ||
|Perfect | |Perfect | ||
|Present | |Present | ||
| | |Future | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Any Past Tense (and the conditional) | !Any Past Tense (and the conditional) | ||
| Line 1,673: | Line 1,682: | ||
== Irregular Verbs == | == Irregular Verbs == | ||
=== Copulas === | === Copulas / Irregular Verbs === | ||
==== Esir ==== | ==== Esir ==== | ||
| Line 2,044: | Line 2,053: | ||
|alen | |alen | ||
|} | |} | ||
= Conversational Words = | = Conversational Words = | ||
| Line 2,110: | Line 2,118: | ||
| I do not understand Oscanez. ||Jo n'entén l'oscanez. | | I do not understand Oscanez. ||Jo n'entén l'oscanez. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Help me! || | | Help me! ||Ajuda-meǃ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Where is the bathroom? ||On están o banyo? | | Where is the bathroom? ||On están o banyo? | ||
| Line 2,118: | Line 2,126: | ||
| The bill, please. ||La conta, pol fabor. | | The bill, please. ||La conta, pol fabor. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Oscanez is a beautiful language. ||L'oscanez | | Oscanez is a beautiful language. ||L'oscanez en una bela yenua. | ||
|}<references /> | |}<references /> | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category:A_posteriori]] | |||
[[Category:Indo-European_languages]] | |||
[[Category:Romance]] | |||