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|nativename=''L'oscanez'' | |nativename=''L'oscanez'' | ||
|pronunciation=/os.ka.ˈnez/ | |pronunciation=/os.ka.ˈnez/ | ||
|speakers= | |speakers= 1,700 | ||
|date=2015 | |date=2015 | ||
|familycolor=Indo-European | |familycolor=Indo-European | ||
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*Unvoiced fricatives become voiced before a voiced plosive or nasal. Unvoiced plosives become fricatives and voice as well. For example, the borrowed word ''atmosfera'' /atmosɸera/ is realized as [aðmosɸera] and is sometimes just dropped [amosɸera]. Ot examples include ''ami'''g'''dala'' or ''a'''d'''ministrajón.'' | *Unvoiced fricatives become voiced before a voiced plosive or nasal. Unvoiced plosives become fricatives and voice as well. For example, the borrowed word ''atmosfera'' /atmosɸera/ is realized as [aðmosɸera] and is sometimes just dropped [amosɸera]. Ot examples include ''ami'''g'''dala'' or ''a'''d'''ministrajón.'' | ||
*/ʎ/ has a tendency to be pronounced as a fricative [ʝ]. | */ʎ/ has a tendency to be pronounced as a fricative [ʝ]. | ||
*/r/ and [ɾ] are | */r/ and [ɾ] are not distinguished by many speakers, but the general tendency is /r/ at the beginning of words and when represented by a double r. | ||
=== Vowels === | === Vowels === | ||
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|Cibdats | |Cibdats | ||
|Pelsóns | |Pelsóns | ||
| | |Maisóns | ||
|Pajes | |Pajes | ||
|Pares | |Pares | ||
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Like the definite article, the singular forms elide. The feminine changes to ''un'' before vowels. For example, the grammatically correct form of “an ear” is ''un oreya'' | Like the definite article, the singular forms elide. The feminine changes to ''un'' before vowels. For example, the grammatically correct form of “an ear” is ''un oreya'' | ||
The article is almost always carried by the noun, with the only exceptions being when other determiners modify the noun. In places where English drops the article, the article is kept. These include the subject for general nouns, objects, and almost any place where English could delete its article. For example, to write “Summer is good,” one writes “O verán | The article is almost always carried by the noun, with the only exceptions being when other determiners modify the noun. In places where English drops the article, the article is kept. These include the subject for general nouns, objects, and almost any place where English could delete its article. For example, to write “Summer is good,” one writes “O verán en bon.” | ||
=== Determiners=== | === Determiners=== | ||
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It expressesː | It expressesː | ||
* habitual or repetitive action in the past -- Con | * habitual or repetitive action in the past -- Con j'''era'' rabaz... (When I ''was'' a boy...) | ||
* an action interrupted by another action as in conjunction -- Díntel jo ''correa'', o-oí (While I was ''running'', I heard him) | * an action interrupted by another action as in conjunction -- Díntel jo ''correa'', o-oí (While I was ''running'', I heard him) | ||
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*question with a subordinate clause -- Pensa ch'ela ''esté'' ayegre? (Does he think that she ''is'' happy?) | *question with a subordinate clause -- Pensa ch'ela ''esté'' ayegre? (Does he think that she ''is'' happy?) | ||
*indirect questions -- Se on tu ''estés'' (I know where you ''are'') | *indirect questions -- Se on tu ''estés'' (I know where you ''are'') | ||
**This use is very productive in Oscanez, where the conjunction ''polché'' takes an indicative if it means "because" and a subjunctive when it means "why." | |||
*expressions of doubt, denial or uncertainty -- No creo ch'el ''esté'' na cibdat (I don't think he ''is'' in the city) | *expressions of doubt, denial or uncertainty -- No creo ch'el ''esté'' na cibdat (I don't think he ''is'' in the city) | ||
*impersonal expressions without certainty -- Elo e important ch'ela ''ale'' a l'escuila (It is important that she ''go'' to school) | *impersonal expressions without certainty -- Elo e important ch'ela ''ale'' a l'escuila (It is important that she ''go'' to school) | ||
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1. The orthographical change to preserve the /k/ sound is to insert a <h> before the /e/ vowel. A similar process occurs in other Romance orthographies, and the process also happens with <g> (''cargar'' becomes ''carghe).' | 1. The orthographical change to preserve the /k/ sound is to insert a <h> before the /e/ vowel. A similar process occurs in other Romance orthographies, and the process also happens with <g> (''cargar'' becomes ''carghe).' | ||
' | ' | ||
==== Future Subjunctive / ''O Futuro del Subjuntif''==== | ==== Future Subjunctive / ''O Futuro del Subjuntif''==== | ||
The future subjunctive is a new periphrastic tense which developed from the present subjunctive forms of ''ir''. It is used for: | The future subjunctive is a new periphrastic tense which developed from the present subjunctive forms of ''ir''. It is used for: | ||
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| I do not understand Oscanez. ||Jo n'entén l'oscanez. | | I do not understand Oscanez. ||Jo n'entén l'oscanez. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Help me! || | | Help me! ||Ajuda-meǃ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Where is the bathroom? ||On están o banyo? | | Where is the bathroom? ||On están o banyo? | ||
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| The bill, please. ||La conta, pol fabor. | | The bill, please. ||La conta, pol fabor. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Oscanez is a beautiful language. ||L'oscanez | | Oscanez is a beautiful language. ||L'oscanez en una bela yenua. | ||
|}<references /> | |}<references /> | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category:A_posteriori]] | |||
[[Category:Indo-European_languages]] | |||
[[Category:Romance]] | |||