@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox language
+[[Category: Languages]]
-|name = Adzaay (Ox-Yew)
+[[Category: Conlangs]]
-|nativename = Adzaay, Adɮāλ
+[[Category: Artlangs]]
-|pronunciation = /ɑdˈɮɑːtɬʼ/
+[[Category: A priori]]
-|creator = [[User: Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
-<small>creator of:<br />
+{{construction}}
-<ul>
+{{Bpnjohnson.info|Ox-Yew|Adzaay|ädˈɮäːtɬʼ|2019|Siberia or Somewhere|language isolate|||||||||oxyw}}
-<li>[[Ox-Yew|Adzaay]]</li>
-<li>[[Brooding]]</li>
-<li>[[Dlatci]]</li>
-<li>[[Grayis]]</li>
-<li>[[Maltcégj]]</li>
-<li>[[Northeadish]]</li>
-<li>[[Valthungian]]</li>
-<ul>
-<li>''[[Griutungi]]''</li>
-<li>''[[Old Valthungian]]''</li>
-<li>''[[Middle Valthungian]]''</li>
-</ul>
-</ul>
-</small>
-|created = 2019
-|familycolor = language isolate
-}}
-[[Category:Languages]]
-[[Category:Conlangs]]
-[[Category:Artlangs]]
-[[Category:A_priori]]
 [[Contionary: adzaay#Ox-Yew|Adzaay]] (or [[Contionary: adzaay#Ox-Yew|Adɮāλ]]) is an a priori, possibly non-terrestrial language whose phonology, morphology, grammar, and really whose entire weltanschauung is inextricably tied to sets of three. Their number system is nonal (3×3); there are three vowels; there are three of each type of consonant; there are three noun classes (or “genders,” but that word really isn’t useful here); there are even three finite grammatical moods.
-Since [ɑdˈɮɑːtɬʼ] doesn't really roll off the tongue of the average native speaker of most European languages, the alternative name “Ox-Yew” (or the Language of the Ox-Yew People) is derived from a mistranslation of what early researchers believed the people to be called; in reality, the people of a nearby village who directed them where to find the main Ox-Yew village had said something more along the lines of: “Why would you want to go there? It's just cows and trees.”
+Since [ädˈɮäːtɬ’] doesn't really roll off the tongue of the average native speaker of most European languages, the alternative name “Ox-Yew” (or the Language of the Ox-Yew People) is derived from a mistranslation of what early researchers believed the people to be called; in reality, the people of a nearby village who directed them where to find the main Ox-Yew village had said something more along the lines of: “Why would you want to go there? It's just cows and trees.”
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 76: / Line 55: @@
 ====Stress====
-Stress is moraic with a dactylic substructure. Stress falls on longest left-most syllable. Where morae are equal, long vowels have a higher priority than diphthongs, which have a higher priority than final consonants. There are eight possible syllable weights:
+Stress is moraic with a dactylic substructure. Stress falls on longest, left-most syllable. Where morae are equal, long vowels have a higher priority than diphthongs, which have a higher priority than final consonants. There are twelve possible syllable weights:
 {| class="wikitable sortable"
@@ Line 88: / Line 67: @@
 |align="right"| V
 |align="center"| 1
-|align="center"| 8
+|align="center"| 12
 || Short vowel, no coda.
-|| ''bu'', ''na'', ''ki''
+|| ''[[Contionary: qu#Ox-Yew|qu]]'', ''[[Contionary: tra#Ox-Yew|tra]]'', ''[[Contionary: ci#Ox-Yew|ci]]''
 |-
 |align="right"| VC
 |align="center"| 2
-|align="center"| 7
+|align="center"| 11
 || Short vowel, monomoraic coda.
-|| ''uk'', ''it'', ''an''
+|| ''[[Contionary: zib#Ox-Yew|zib]]'', ''[[Contionary: plif#Ox-Yew|plif]]'', ''[[Contionary: dan#Ox-Yew|dan]]''
 |-
 |align="right"| VV̯
 |align="center"| 2
-|align="center"| 6
+|align="center"| 10
 || Diphthong, no coda.
-|| ''hau'', ''niu'', ''mai''
+|| ''[[Contionary: wau#Ox-Yew|wau]]'', ''[[Contionary: nui#Ox-Yew|nui]]'', ''[[Contionary: kai#Ox-Yew|kai]]''
 |-
 |align="right"| Vː
 |align="center"| 2
-|align="center"| 5
+|align="center"| 9
 || Long vowel, no coda.
-|| ''lii'', ''kuu'', ''aa''
+|| ''[[Contionary: ii#Ox-Yew|ii]]'', ''[[Contionary: kuu#Ox-Yew|kuu]]'', ''[[Contionary: traa#Ox-Yew|traa]]''
+|-
+|align="right"| VCC
+|align="center"| 3
+|align="center"| 8
+|| Short vowel, bimoraic coda.
+|| ''[[Contionary: vrihk#Ox-Yew|vrihk]]'', ''[[Contionary: truvk#Ox-Yew|truvk]]'', ''[[Contionary: tutt#Ox-Yew|tutt]]''
 |-
 |align="right"| VV̯C
 |align="center"| 3
-|align="center"| 4
+|align="center"| 7
 || Diphthong, monomoraic coda.
-|| ''kais'', ''zaud'', ''bzuim''
+|| ''[[Contionary: kais#Ox-Yew|kais]]'', ''[[Contionary: zaud#Ox-Yew|zaud]]'', ''[[Contionary: bzuim#Ox-Yew|bzuim]]''
 |-
 |align="right"| VːC
 |align="center"| 3
-|align="center"| 3
+|align="center"| 6
 || Long vowel, monomoraic coda.
-|| ''aat'', ''kiic'', ''dzuuq''
+|| ''[[Contionary: aax#Ox-Yew|aax]]'', ''[[Contionary: kiic#Ox-Yew|kiic]]'', ''[[Contionary: dzuuq#Ox-Yew|dzuuq]]''
 |-
 |align="right"| VːV̯
 |align="center"| 3
-|align="center"| 2
+|align="center"| 5
 || Long diphthong, no coda.
-|| ''giiu'', ''maai'', ''vuua''
+|| ''[[Contionary: giiu#Ox-Yew|giiu]]'', ''[[Contionary: maai#Ox-Yew|maai]]'', ''[[Contionary: vuua#Ox-Yew|nuua]]''
+|-
+|align="right"| VVCC
+|align="center"| 4
+|align="center"| 4
+|| Diphthong, bimoraic coda.
+|| ''[[Contionary: kaist#Ox-Yew|kaist]]'', ''[[Contionary: hiapp#Ox-Yew|hiapp]]'', ''[[Contionary: vruahk#Ox-Yew|vruahk]]''
+|-
+|align="right"| VːCC
+|align="center"| 4
+|align="center"| 3
+|| Long vowel, bimoraic coda.
+|| ''[[Contionary: aant#Ox-Yew|aant]]'', ''[[Contionary: uukk#Ox-Yew|uukk]]'', ''[[Contionary: liist#Ox-Yew|liist]]''
 |-
 |align="right"| VːV̯C
 |align="center"| 4
+|align="center"| 2
+|| Long diphthong, monomoraic coda.
+|| ''[[Contionary: waaum#Ox-Yew|waaum]]'', ''[[Contionary: qaais#Ox-Yew|qaais]]'', ''[[Contionary: bziiuv#Ox-Yew|bziiuv]]''
+|-
+|align="right"| VːV̯CC
+|align="center"| 5
 |align="center"| 1
-|| Long diphthong, monomoraic coda.
+|| Long diphthong, bimoraic coda.
-|| ''fuuav'', ''saaik'', ''viiut''
+|| ''[[Contionary: muuivk#Ox-Yew|muuivk]]'', ''[[Contionary: faaitt#Ox-Yew|faaitt]]'', ''[[Contionary: yiiaft#Ox-Yew|yiiaft]]''
 |}
@@ Line 183: / Line 186: @@
 ===Phonotactics===
 ====Syllable Structure====
-CLVC
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+!colspan=4| Front
+| &nbsp;
+!colspan=4| Mid
+| &nbsp;
+!colspan=4| Back
+|-
+!width=50| &nbsp;
+!width=50| Onsets
+!width=50| Medial<br />Clusters
+!width=50| Codae
+|width=10| &nbsp;
+!width=50| &nbsp;
+!width=50| Onsets
+!width=50| Medial<br />Clusters
+!width=50| Codae
+|width=10| &nbsp;
+!width=50| &nbsp;
+!width=50| Onsets
+!width=50| Medial<br />Clusters
+!width=50| Codae
+|-
+|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any single phoneme.'''''
+|-
+|| /p/ || '''p''' || '''p''' || '''p''' [ɸ] ||
+|| /t/ || '''t''' || '''t''' || '''t''' [θ] ||
+|| /k/ || '''k''' || '''k''' || '''k''' [χ]
+|-
+|| /b/ || '''b''' || '''b''' || '''b''' [β] ||
+|| /d/ || '''d''' || '''d''' || '''d''' [ð] ||
+|| /ɡ/ || '''g''' || '''g''' || '''g''' [ɣ]
+|-
+|| /t͡s/ || '''c''' || '''c''' || '''c''' [t͡sʼ] ||
+|| /t͡ʃ/ || '''q''' || '''q''' || '''q''' [t͡ʃʼ] ||
+|| /d͡ʒ/ || '''j''' || '''j''' || '''j''' [d͡ʒˑ]
+|-
+|| /d͡v/ || '''w''' || '''w''' || '''w''' [d͡vˑ] ||
+|| /t͡ɬ/ || '''y''' || '''y''' || '''y''' [t͡ɬʼ] ||
+|| /t͡ʀ/ || '''x''' || '''x''' || '''x''' [t͡χʼ]
+|-
+|| /m/ || '''m''' || '''m''' || '''m''' ||
+|| /n/ || '''n''' || '''n''' || '''n''' ||
+|| /ŋ/ || '''v''' || '''v''' || '''v'''
+|-
+|| /ɮ/ || '''z''' || '''z''' || '''z''' ||
+|| /r/ || '''r''' || '''r''' || '''r''' ||
+|| /l/ || '''l''' || '''l''' || '''l'''
+|-
+|| /s/ || '''s''' || '''s''' || '''s''' ||
+|| /ʃ/ || '''f''' || '''f''' || '''f''' ||
+|| /x/ || '''h''' || '''h''' || '''h'''
+|-
+|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any single stop or nasal followed by a liquid.'''''
+|-
+|| /pɮ/ || '''pz''' || '''pz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /tɮ/ || '''tz''' || '''tz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /kɮ/ || '''kz''' || '''kz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /bɮ/ || '''bz''' || '''bz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /dɮ/ || '''dz''' || '''dz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ɡɮ/ || '''gz''' || '''gz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /pr/ || '''pr''' || '''pr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /tr/ || '''tr''' || '''tr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /kr/ || '''kr''' || '''kr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /br/ || '''br''' || '''br''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /dr/ || '''dr''' || '''dr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ɡr/ || '''gr''' || '''gr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /pl/ || '''pl''' || '''pl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /tl/ || '''tl''' || '''tl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /kl/ || '''kl''' || '''kl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /bl/ || '''bl''' || '''bl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /dl/ || '''dl''' || '''dl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ɡl/ || '''gl''' || '''gl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /mɮ/ || '''mz''' || '''mz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /nɮ/ || '''nz''' || '''nz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ŋɮ/ || '''vz''' || '''vz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /mr/ || '''mr''' || '''mr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /nr/ || '''nr''' || '''nr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ŋr/ || '''vr''' || '''vr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /ml/ || '''ml''' || '''ml''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /nl/ || '''nl''' || '''nl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ŋl/ || '''vl''' || '''vl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any geminate consonant.'''''
+|-
+|| /pː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''pp''' || '''pp''' [p] ||
+|| /tː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''tt''' || '''tt''' [t] ||
+|| /kː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''kk''' || '''kk''' [k]
+|-
+|| /bː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''bb''' || '''bb''' [b] ||
+|| /dː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''dd''' || '''dd''' [d] ||
+|| /ɡː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ɡɡ''' || '''ɡɡ''' [ɡ]
+|-
+|| /t͡sː/ ||colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ''(There are no geminate affricates.)'' ||
+|| /t͡ʃː/ ||colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ''(There are no geminate affricates.)'' ||
+|| /d͡ʒː/ ||colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ''(There are no geminate affricates.)''
+|-
+|| /d͡vː/ || || /t͡ɬː/ || || /t͡ʀː/
+|-
+|| /mː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mm''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /nː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nn''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ŋː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vv''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /ɮː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''zz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /rː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''rr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /lː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ll''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /sː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ss''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ʃː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ff''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /xː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''hh''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any nasal followed by any stop.'''''
+|-
+|| /mp/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mp''' || '''mp''' ||
+|| /nt/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nt''' || '''nt''' ||
+|| /ŋk/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vk''' || '''vk'''
+|-
+|| /mb/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mb''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /nd/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nd''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ŋɡ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vg''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any nasal followed by a voiced stop and a liquid.'''''
+|-
+|| /mbɮ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mbz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ndɮ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ndz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ŋɡɮ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vgz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /mbr/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mbr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ndr/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ndr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ŋɡr/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vgr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /mbl/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mbl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ndl/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ndl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /ŋɡl/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vgl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''/n/ followed by any affricate.'''''
+|-
+|| /nt͡s/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nc''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /nt͡ʃ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nq''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /nd͡ʒ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nj''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|| /nd͡v/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nw''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /nt͡ɬ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ny''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
+|| /nt͡ʀ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nx''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
+|-
+|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any unvoiced fricative followed by any unvoiced stop.'''''
+|-
+|| /sp/ || '''sp''' || '''sp''' || '''sp''' ||
+|| /ʃp/ || '''fp''' || '''fp''' || '''fp''' ||
+|| /xp/ || '''hp''' || '''hp''' || '''hp'''
+|-
+|| /st/ || '''st''' || '''st''' || '''st''' ||
+|| /ʃt/ || '''ft''' || '''ft''' || '''ft''' ||
+|| /xt/ || '''ht''' || '''ht''' || '''ht'''
+|-
+|| /sk/ || '''sk''' || '''sk''' || '''sk''' ||
+|| /ʃk/ || '''fk''' || '''fk''' || '''fk''' ||
+|| /xk/ || '''hk''' || '''hk''' || '''hk''' [χ]
+|}
 *All syllables must have a nucleus, but onsets and codas are not required. Syllables in the same word must have either a coda or an onset dividing them (i.e. two syllable nuclei must be separated by at least one consonant.)
-*Word-initial onsets may consist of a single consonant, or an oral or nasal stop consonant followed by a liquid.
-**⟨p, t, k, b, d, g, c, q, j, w, y, x, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f, h⟩
-**⟨pr, tr, kr, br, dr, gr, pl, tl, kl, bl, dl, gl, pz, tz, kz, bz, dz, gz⟩
-**⟨mr, nr, vr, ml, nl, vl, mz, nz, vz⟩
 *In words with no consonantal onset beginning with a short diphthong, the diphthong switches from falling to rising; that is, the initial element of the diphthong is realized as a glide. (This does not apply to ⟨ai⟩ and ⟨au⟩.)
 **⟨iu, ia, ui, ua⟩ → [ju, ja, wi, wa] / #_
@@ Line 194: / Line 361: @@
 **⟨iiu, iia, uui, uua⟩ → [jiu, jia, wui, wua]
 **In some dialects this may even cause the “length” to shift to the second element: ⟨iiu, iia, uui, uua⟩ → [juː, jaː, wiː, waː]
-*Intersyllabic consonant clusters  may be:
-**C (any single consonant)
-***⟨p, t, k, b, d, g, q, j, c, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f, h⟩
-**C[-cnt]C[+liq] (any stop + liquid)
-***⟨pr, pl, pz, tr, tl, tz, kr, kl, kz, br, bl, bz, dr, dl, dz, gr, gl, gz⟩
-**C[-cnt]ː (any geminate stop)
-***⟨pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg⟩
-**C[+nas]ː (any geminate nasal)
-***⟨mm, nn, vv⟩
-**C[+nas]C[-cnt-vox] (any nasal + unvoiced stop of the same place of articulation; also ⟨vg⟩)
-***⟨mp, nt, vk, vg⟩
-**C[+nas]C[+liq] (any nasal + liquid)
-***⟨mr, ml, mz, nr, nl, nz, vr, vl, vz⟩
-**C[+nas]C[-cnt-vox]C[+liq] (any nasal + voiced or unvoiced stop of the same place of articulation + liquid)
-***⟨mbr, mbl, mbz, ndr, ndl, ndz, vgr, vgl, vgz⟩
-**nC[+liq] (⟨n⟩ + any affricate)
-***⟨nq, nj, nc⟩
-**C[+obs+cnt]C[-cnt-vox] (any fricative + any unvoiced stop)
-***⟨sp, st, sk, fp, ft, fk, hp, ht, hk⟩
-*Word-final codas may consist only of a single consonant or a geminate stop.
-**⟨p, t, k, b, d, g, c, q, j, w, y, x, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f, h⟩
 **Single stop consonants become spirantised in coda position.
 ***⟨p, t, k, b, d, g⟩ → [ɸ, θ, x, β, ð, ɣ] / _#
@@ Line 280: / Line 426: @@
 ====Cluster Reduction between Syllables with Non-Primary Stress====
-The number of  consonant clusters which can occur intervocalically between syllables with non-primary stress is dramatically reduced. Somehow. Probably. I think. Also, stress is primarily dactylic, somehow, probably, I think.
+The number of  consonant clusters which can occur intervocalically between syllables with non-primary stress is dramatically reduced. Somehow. Probably. I think.
+Also, stress is primarily dactylic, somehow, probably, I think.
+Particles and affixes may be reduplicated in order to maintain the dactylic meter, especially in formal or poetic speech.
 ===Orthography===
@@ Line 615: / Line 765: @@
 | 800
 | 648
-! yalip
+! yafak
 | 10,000
 | 6,561
@@ Line 638: / Line 788: @@
 ===Pronouns===
+The personal pronouns are borrowed directly from the “animate” correlatives, below. They inflect for first, second, and third “person” which correspond directly to the proximal, medial, and distal deixes. They also inflect for “inanimate” non-persons as well as “abstract” non-persons, though here it is important to be familiar with the noun class system, as not everything in the abstract class is necessarily intangible, nor is everything in the inanimate class non-living. For that matter, the animate class contains many nouns we might not consider animate, yet they are “conjugated” as people.
 ===Correlatives===
+The correlatives are a group of “base” words which make up a wide variety of roots forming pronouns, adverbs, and conjunctions.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+|rowspan=2 colspan=2| &nbsp;
+!width=100| Proximal
+!width=100| Medial
+!width=100| Distal
+!width=100| Interrogative
+!width=100| Relative
+!width=100| Negative
+!width=100| General
+!width=100| Quantal
+!width=100| Universal
+|-
+!align="left"| ''ka-''
+!align="left"| ''tu-''
+!align="left"| ''pi-''
+!align="left"| ''qui-''
+!align="left"| ''jua-''
+!align="left"| ''jai-''
+!align="left"| ''mlai-''
+!align="left"| ''vlu-''
+!align="left"| ''kua-''
+|-
+! Animate
+!align="right"| ''-m''
+| '''''kam'''<br />I''
+| '''''tum'''<br />you''
+| '''''pim'''<br />he, she''
+| '''''quim'''<br />who''
+| '''''juam'''<br />who''
+| '''''jaim'''<br />no one''
+| '''''mlaim'''<br />someone''
+| '''''vlum'''<br />some (people)''
+| '''''kuam'''<br />everyone''
+|-
+! Inanimate
+!align="right"| ''-t''
+| '''''kat'''<br />this (thing)''
+| '''''tut'''<br />that (thing)''
+| '''''pit'''<br />yon (thing)''
+| '''''quit'''<br />what''
+| '''''juat'''<br />that, which''
+| '''''jait'''<br />nothing''
+| '''''mlait'''<br />something''
+| '''''vlut'''<br />some things''
+| '''''kuat'''<br />everything''
+|-
+! Abstract
+!align="right"| ''-b''
+| '''''kab'''<br />this (matter)''
+| '''''tub'''<br />that (matter)''
+| '''''pib'''<br />yon (matter)''
+| '''''quib'''<br />what (matter)''
+| '''''juab'''<br />that, which''
+| '''''jaib'''<br />no matter''
+| '''''mlaib'''<br />some matter''
+| '''''vlub'''<br />some matters''
+| '''''kuab'''<br />every matter''
+|-
+! Local
+!align="right"| ''-n''
+| '''''kan'''<br />here''
+| '''''tun'''<br />there''
+| '''''pin'''<br />elsewhere''
+| '''''quin'''<br />where''
+| '''''juan'''<br />where''
+| '''''jain'''<br />nowhere''
+| '''''mlain'''<br />somewhere''
+| '''''vlun'''<br />some places''
+| '''''kuan'''<br />everywhere''
+|-
+! Temporal
+!align="right"| ''-d''
+| '''''kad'''<br />now''
+| '''''tud'''<br />then''
+| '''''pid'''<br />elsewhen''
+| '''''quid'''<br />when''
+| '''''juad'''<br />when''
+| '''''jaid'''<br />never''
+| '''''mlaid'''<br />sometime''
+| '''''vlud'''<br />sometimes''
+| '''''kuad'''<br />always''
+|-
+! Manneral
+!align="right"| ''-g''
+| '''''kag'''<br />like this''
+| '''''tug'''<br />like that''
+| '''''pig'''<br />somehow else''
+| '''''quig'''<br />how''
+| '''''juag'''<br />how''
+| '''''jaig'''<br />no way''
+| '''''mlaig'''<br />somehow''
+| '''''vlug'''<br />in some ways''
+| '''''kuag'''<br />in every way''
+|-
+! Qualitative
+!align="right"| ''-l''
+| '''''kal'''<br />this kind''
+| '''''tul'''<br />that kind''
+| '''''pil'''<br />a different kind''
+| '''''quil'''<br />what kind''
+| '''''jual'''<br />which kind''
+| '''''jail'''<br />no kind''
+| '''''mlair'''<br />some kind''
+| '''''vlur'''<br />some kinds''
+| '''''kual'''<br />every kind''
+|-
+! Explicative
+!align="right"| ''-tt''
+| '''''katt'''<br />because''
+| '''''tutt'''<br />therefore''
+| '''''pitt'''<br />for another reason''
+| '''''quitt'''<br />why''
+| '''''juatt'''<br />why''
+| '''''jaitt'''<br />for no reason''
+| '''''mlaitt'''<br />for some reason''
+| '''''vlutt'''<br />for some reasons''
+| '''''kuatt'''<br />for every reason''
+|-
+! Quantitative
+!align="right"| ''-v''
+| '''''kav'''<br />this much<br />this many''
+| '''''tuv'''<br />that much<br />that many''
+| '''''piv'''<br />another amount''
+| '''''quiv'''<br />how much<br />how many''
+| '''''juav'''<br />how much<br />how many''
+| '''''jaiv'''<br />no, none''
+| '''''mlaiv'''<br />some amount''
+| '''''vluv'''<br />some''
+| '''''kuav'''<br />all''
+|}
+The base correlatives can be further modified by various affixes, such as ''–an'', which converts the General correlatives to Electives (i.e. it changes the sense of “some” to “any”).
 ===Nouns===
@@ Line 652: / Line 937: @@
 =====Ergative=====
-Ergative is used with the subjects of transitive verbs when there is a direct object present.
+Ergative is used with the subjects of transitive verbs when there is a direct object present. (Only animate nouns can be in the ergative case.)
 =====Accusative=====
 Accusative indicates a direct object.
 =====Dative=====
 The use of the dative in Adzaay is slightly more restrictive than it may be in other languages. It specifically invokes the meaning of ‘to’ or ‘towards’.
-=====Ablative=====
+=====Locative=====
-Many languages have an “ablative” case, though it rarely means the same thing from one language to another. In Adzaay, the ablative is the exact inverse of the dative, invoking the meaning of ‘out of’ or ‘from’.
+The locative is used to indicate that the noun or noun phrase modified by an adposition is stationary.
+=====Delative=====
+The delative is the exact inverse of the dative, invoking the meaning of ‘out of’ or ‘from’.
 =====Genitive=====
-The genitive deals with possession and relation. There is a bit of overlap with the ablative.
+The genitive deals with relationships between nouns. There is a bit of overlap with the possessive and delative cases.
-=====Oblique=====
+=====Possessive=====
-The oblique isn't so much a case as an anti-case: This is the “Dictionary Form” of Adzaay nouns, and is not inflected at all. It is mainly used with adpositions, or for mentioning things in a list.
+The possessive indicates the possession of one noun by another. Certain types of possession, however, such as inalienable possession (my father, your hand, her talent, &c) are expressed in the genitive.
+=====Instrumental=====
+The instrumental shows a noun (phrase) being used to achieve a goal. It can usually be translated as ‘by’, ‘with’, or ‘by means of’.
 ====Classes====
-There are only three noun classes in Adzaay, so one might be tempted to call them “genders,” but that term really doesn't work well here, considering that all of the human genders which usually serve as examples of the various grammatical genders all fall into a single noun class. Adzaay nouns are divided into Animate, Inanimate, and Abstract classes.
+There are three main noun classes in Adzaay, so one might be tempted to call them “genders,” but that term really doesn't work well here, considering that all of the human genders which usually serve as examples of the various grammatical genders all fall into a single noun class. Each of these classes are further divided into three sub-classes.
 =====Animate=====
-Animate nouns are quite literally comprised of things which are alive. This includes, but is not limited to men, women, children, dogs, cows, grass, trees, moss, cauliflower, and caterpillars. Some dynamic nouns may be considered animate even if they are not alive in the traditional sense, such as fire, running water, wind, or weather.
+Animate nouns are comprised of things which are alive and have some semblance of sentience (whether actually, or just culturally). The Animate class is divided into three sub-classes:
+'''Humans & Animals''' – This one is pretty self-explanatory, though it doesn’t quite evenly line up with the boundaries of the Animalia kingdom: Some corals, sponges, barnacles, and other “lower” animals may be classified as herbs or rocks.
+'''Trees & Sentient Plants''' – This group includes nearly all trees, all mushrooms and toadstools (though not all other types of fungi), sacred herbs, and plants used for medicine.
+'''Fae Propaganda''' – A rough translation (the Adzaay term for this class is ''kzuvgaan'' ‘dragons’), this sub-class contains deities, mythical or supernatural creatures, cryptids, and elemental forces (fire, water, wind, &c), celestial orbs (sun, moon, stars, planets), certain sacred or haunted spaces, certain forests, beer.
 =====Inanimate=====
-Inanimate nouns are things which are not alive. They may be things which are no longer alive (such as wood or leather) or things which do not presently show signs of life, but which may become alive in the future (like seeds or eggs). Some inanimate nouns include wood, stone, metal, houses, rice, books, salt, and soil.
+Inanimate nouns are things which are not considered to be alive. The Inanimate class is divided into three sub-classes:
+'''Rocks & Weeds''' – Rocks, sticks, plants that are considered “useless.”
+'''Geological Formations''' – Lakes, mountains, rivers, oceans, plains, ravines, forests, tundras, icebergs…
-''*Note to self: What about body parts and plant parts, like heart, arm, brain, trunk, and leaf?''
+'''Appendages''' – This class is comprised of nouns which belong inalienably to nouns of the Animate class: body parts, parts of plants, and even characteristics of Dragon-class nouns, such as “sparks” belonging to fire or “telepathy” belonging to cryptids.
 =====Abstract=====
-Abstract nouns are concepts, ideas, or non-substantives, like feelings, concepts, and symbolic thought. These include compassion, love, anger, war, kerfuffle, hope, tarnation, thought, and stubbornness.
+Abstract nouns are concepts, ideas, or non-substantives, like feelings, concepts, and symbolic thought. The Abstract class is divided into three sub-classes:
+'''Ideas & Concepts''' – The truly abstract: feelings, thoughts, ideas, moods, all verbal nouns.
+'''Uncountable''' – This sub-class isn’t “abstract” in the sense we would normally think of it, but instead it is comprised of nouns which are neither singular nor plural, often substances, ingredients, or building materials, including most liquids and gasses: water, sand, marble, wood, flour, rice, honey, beans, wine.
+'''Artifice''' – Finally the last sub-class refers to objects made, created, or modified by animate nouns: Prepared meals, books, houses, animal nests and dens, art.
-===Adjetives===
+===Adjectives===
 ===Verbs===
@@ Line 720: / Line 1,027: @@
 ====Morphosyntactic Alignment====
-Adzaay alignment is tripartite, so nouns and pronouns are differentiated for subject, object, and agentive roles by use of case affixes and/or particles.
+Adzaay alignment is tripartite, so nouns and pronouns are differentiated for subject, object, and agentive roles by use of case affixes and/or particles. Only animate nouns can be ergative.
+The structure of Adzaay is moderately agglutinative and fusional. Noun phrases are made up of particles which combine them into set phrase-words, including adjectives which they subsume.
 ====Headedness====
-Adzaay is predominantly head-final, and this is reflected in many of its more granular alignments.
+Adzaay is predominantly head-initial, and this is reflected in many of its more granular alignments.
 ====Noun Phrases====
@@ Line 746: / Line 1,055: @@
 ==Vocabulary==
 '''[[:Category:Ox-Yew_words|Key vocabulary can be found here.]]'''
+==Useful Phrases==
+===Greetings===
+===Gratitude===
+* '''[[Contionary: gziiunim#Ox-Yew|Gziiunim]].''' ''Thank you.''

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Revision as of 03:00, 12 October 2023