Páuluòbeng

Báoluòveng (yi vBáoluòveng) is a minority language closely related to Qenian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and English (particularly Received Pronunciation).

Todo

Glottal reinforcement mania

Final schwa > tone split

dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhin, zhing > zhen, zheng

eħgeng, yi ħ-eħgeng; pl. eħgenger /əhˈkəŋ/ = mountain

dèi, yi dèi; pl. dèin /tɛ̂ɪ/ = valley

yi xüēid /ɕɥǿʏʔ/ = rose

mand /manʔ/ = to take

ted /təʔ/ = beautiful

dùn /tû:n/ = far

duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ɪljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester

yi mār /mɑ­́:/ = tree

jiarm /t͡ɕɑ́:m/ 'heavy'

yi kaθer /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'

ái /ɑ̌ɪ/ 'gold'

Phonology

More Mandarin than Qenian - be careful not to have linking R everywhere

Tones

Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.

Three tones for long vowels:

• ā or a: mid level, relaxed
• á: rising
• à: falling

Consonants

p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin

• /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ do not labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/
• Historical initial /f/ retained
• Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position
• h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/

Vowels

Short vowels:

• a e ie i o u ü /a ə (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ə (ɥ)ʏ/

Diphthongs:

• ai ei uai ui iei üei /aɪ ɛɪ waɪ wɛɪ jɛɪ ɥøʏ/
• ao iao ou iu /aʊ jaʊ əʊ jəʊ/
• ì ù ǜ /(j)iː~(j)ɪj uː~ʊw (ɥ)yː~(ɥ)ʏɥ/

Long monophthongs (linking R /ɹ/ is used when a vowel follows):

• uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /(w)oː(ɹ)/
• (i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)ɑː(ɹ)/
• er, èr, eir /ɜː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)/
• ir, ìr, ier, ièr /jɜː(ɹ)~jɛː(ɹ)/
• ür, ǜr /ɥɜː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
• uir /wɜː(ɹ)/
• air aor our /ajə(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ), awə(ɹ)~aː(ɹ), əwə(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)/
• angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) õː(ɹ) õː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
  • e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'

Unstressed vowels:

• e, final -er = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
• final -i = /ɪ/
• final -u = /ʊ/

Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.

Linking R

• Example of linking R: yi kaθer àrd [jɪ ˈkʰaħə ɹ‿ɑ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Qenian: ye kaħerr àrd [jə ˈkʰahər ʔɔɯt])
• No linking R: yi búd àrd [jɪ ˈpǔːʔ ɑ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Qenian: ye bùta àrd [jə ˈpuːtʰə ʔɔɯt])

Grammar

Nouns

No case; everything merged to nominative

Genders: common and neuter

Verbs

Conjugated verbs; split-ergativity with -īn preterite