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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
* Simple present: -(X) | * Simple present: -(X)ŕ-, negative -mXr- | ||
* Present continuous: -bie- | * Present continuous: -bie-, negative -mXbie- | ||
* Past: -dX/tX- | * Past: -dX/tX-, negative -mXdX- | ||
* Evidential past: -mXs- | * Evidential past: -mXs-, negative -mXmXs- | ||
* Future: -(X)ẓXŋ- | * Future: -(X)ẓXŋ-, negative -mXẓXŋ- | ||
Here are the personal suffixes: | Here are the personal suffixes: | ||
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In the future tense and in predicative sentences (where these suffixes are attached to nouns or adjectives), -sXn and -sXr become -ȼXn and -ȼXr respectively. | In the future tense and in predicative sentences (where these suffixes are attached to nouns or adjectives), -sXn and -sXr become -ȼXn and -ȼXr respectively. The suffix -dXŕ/tXŕ may be used for third person predicatives. | ||
The existential verb 'there is' is ''bıaŕ'', negative ''ẓuok''. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Revision as of 23:25, 9 April 2016
Cascadian Turkic (süötüptün tili or süötüptünẓü) is a Turkic language spoken in User:IlL/Lõis's Pacific Northwest.
Introduction
Phonology
All letters are pronounced as in Turkish, except:
- e is always /ɛ/;
- r is /ɹ/;
- ŕ is /r/;
- ȼ is /ɬ/;
- ŋ is /ŋ/; and
- ẓ is /ʒ/.
The letter w /w/ is used in some foreign words.
Vowel harmony
The symbols X and O denote two underspecified vowels. X can be i, ı, u or ü, and O can be e, a, o or ö.
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Cascadian Turkic has 6 cases:
| Case | Nominative | Genitive | Accusative | Locative | Ablative | Dative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ending | -(n)O | -(n)X | -dX/-tX | -dXn/-tXn | -kX, -ŋX after a vowel |
The plural is -lXŕ.
Unusually for a Turkic language, first and second person possessives are prefixes.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | be- | rim- |
| 2 | ȼe- | re- |
The third person possessive is a suffix: -(s)X. -sX may be abbreviated to -s.
Verbs
- Simple present: -(X)ŕ-, negative -mXr-
- Present continuous: -bie-, negative -mXbie-
- Past: -dX/tX-, negative -mXdX-
- Evidential past: -mXs-, negative -mXmXs-
- Future: -(X)ẓXŋ-, negative -mXẓXŋ-
Here are the personal suffixes:
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -mXn | -mXr |
| 2 | -sXn | -sXr |
| 3 | -Ø/-dXŕ/-tXŕ | -Ø/-lXŕ |
These work somewhat differently in the present continuous tense:
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -biemin | -biemir |
| 2 | -biesin | -biesir |
| 3 | -bier | -bier/-bieliŕ |
In the future tense and in predicative sentences (where these suffixes are attached to nouns or adjectives), -sXn and -sXr become -ȼXn and -ȼXr respectively. The suffix -dXŕ/tXŕ may be used for third person predicatives.
The existential verb 'there is' is bıaŕ, negative ẓuok.
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Some non-Turkic words
Süötüptün = the Pacific Northwest, from Lushootseed "swátixʷtəd" (earth)
tsımetmik = to pick berries, from Lushootseed "c’əb"
tsımẓı = berry picker (-ẓı ~ Turkish -cı)
shıwın = blackberry, from Lushootseed "sx̌əgʷəd"