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All letters are pronounced as in Turkish, except: | All letters are pronounced as in Turkish, except: | ||
* '''e''' is always /ɛ/; | * '''e''' is always /ɛ/ [e̞ ~ ɛ], never /æ/; | ||
* '''r''' is /ɹ/; | * '''ı''' is typically [ə ~ ʌ̈]; | ||
* '''r''' is /ɹ/ or /ɻ/; | |||
* '''ŕ''' is /r/; | * '''ŕ''' is /r/; | ||
* '''ȼ''' is /ɬ/; | * '''ȼ''' is /ɬ/; | ||
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* '''ẓ''' is /ʒ/. | * '''ẓ''' is /ʒ/. | ||
The | The letters '''w''' /w/ and '''y''' /y/ are used in foreign words. In addition, educated speakers often make a distinction between the native phonemes '''h''' /h/ and '''k''' /k/, and the phonemes '''ḥ''' /x/ and '''ḳ''' /q/ respectively, which can be found in Eskimo and Salish loans. | ||
===Vowel harmony=== | ===Vowel harmony=== | ||
Revision as of 23:43, 9 April 2016
Cascadian Turkic (süötüptün tili or süötüptünẓü) is a Turkic language spoken in User:IlL/Lõis's Pacific Northwest.
Introduction
Phonology
All letters are pronounced as in Turkish, except:
- e is always /ɛ/ [e̞ ~ ɛ], never /æ/;
- ı is typically [ə ~ ʌ̈];
- r is /ɹ/ or /ɻ/;
- ŕ is /r/;
- ȼ is /ɬ/;
- ŋ is /ŋ/; and
- ẓ is /ʒ/.
The letters w /w/ and y /y/ are used in foreign words. In addition, educated speakers often make a distinction between the native phonemes h /h/ and k /k/, and the phonemes ḥ /x/ and ḳ /q/ respectively, which can be found in Eskimo and Salish loans.
Vowel harmony
The symbols X and O denote two underspecified vowels. X can be i, ı, u or ü, and O can be e, a, o or ö.
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Cascadian Turkic has 6 cases:
Case | Nominative | Genitive | Accusative | Locative | Ablative | Dative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | -(n)O | -(n)X | -dX/-tX | -dXn/-tXn | -kX, -ŋX after a vowel |
The plural is -lXŕ.
Unusually for a Turkic language, first and second person possessives are prefixes.
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1 | be- | rim- |
2 | ȼe- | re- |
The third person possessive is a suffix: -(s)X. -sX may be abbreviated to -s.
Verbs
- Simple present: -(X)ŕ-, negative -mXr-
- Present continuous: -bie-, negative -mXbie-
- Past: -dX/tX-, negative -mXdX-
- Evidential past: -mXs-, negative -mXmXs-
- Future: -(X)ẓXŋ-, negative -mXẓXŋ-
Here are the personal suffixes:
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1 | -mXn | -mXr |
2 | -sXn | -sXr |
3 | -Ø/-dXŕ/-tXŕ | -Ø/-lXŕ |
These work somewhat differently in the present continuous tense:
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1 | -biemin | -biemir |
2 | -biesin | -biesir |
3 | -bier | -bier/-bieliŕ |
In the future tense and in predicative sentences (where these suffixes are attached to nouns or adjectives), -sXn and -sXr become -ȼXn and -ȼXr respectively. The suffix -dXŕ/tXŕ may be used for third person predicatives.
The existential verb 'there is' is bıaŕ, negative ẓuok.
The root tut- can be used with the meaning 'to have'.
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Some non-Turkic words
Süötüptün = the Pacific Northwest, from Lushootseed "swátixʷtəd" (earth)
tsımetmik = to pick berries, from Lushootseed "c’əb"
tsımẓı = berry picker (-ẓı ~ Turkish -cı)
shıwın = blackberry, from Lushootseed "sx̌əgʷəd"