N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. Please refer to the legend here.

Changes from Griutungi & Gothic to Old Valthungian (ca. 300ᴀᴅ‒950ᴀᴅ)

Spirantisation I

Spirantisation I: C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L
Date: 300ᴀᴅ
Type: Phonetic
Rule: C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L

“A voiced stop becomes continuant after a vowel or liquid when followed by a vowel or liquid.”

Exhaustive: b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ
Notes: Already occurred in pre-Gothic and even Proto-Germanic (“Spirantisation 0”), but may not have included liquids in the environment. Allophonic at this stage.
Examples:
  ‘to have’ ‘terrible’ ‘bed’ ‘wonder’ ‘days’ ‘nice’
PGmc: habaną
/haβanã/
abrō
/abroː/
badją
/badją/
seldō
/seldoː/
dagōz
/daɣoːz/
fagrō
/faɡroː/
Gothic: haban
/haβan/
abra
/abra/
badi
/baði/
silda
/silda/
dagōs
/daɣoːs/
fagra
/faɡra/
Limit: 450ᴀᴅ
Persistence: Replaced by Spirantisation II


Pre-Liquid Stop Insertion

Geminate Collapse I

Spirantisation II

Deletion of Interconsonantal h

Spirantisation III

Expansion of [fl]→[θl], [hL]

Consonant Cluster Voice Changes I

Clisis & Lexicalisation

Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II

Changes to Geminate Obstruents

Changes to Geminate Nasals I

Changes to Geminate Liquids

Metathesis

Deletion of s after r

s-Clusters Diffused

Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels

Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory

Umlaut

Launch of Rhotacism

Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/

Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I

Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung

Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]

Changes from Old Valthungian to Middle Valthungian (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)

Defenestration of Greek Fricatives

Changes to Geminate Nasals II

Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops

Rhotacism Failure

j/z Merger

Initial h to þ before a sonorant

Assimilation of h after short vowels

Repulsion of h after long vowels

All of the Above

Changes to Geminates

Change of h to þ after a liquid

Assimilation of s in Consonant Clusters

Palatalisation of sk

Palatalisation of h before j

Palatalisation of Non-Labial Stops before j

Vowel Reduction: Long Vowel Shortening

Vowel Reduction: Diphthong Changes

Vowel Reduction: Schwa Changes

Vowel Reduction: Syllabic Sonorants

Changes from Middle Valthungian to Modern Valthungian (ca. 1350ᴀᴅ‒1850ᴀᴅ)

Reduction of Consonant Clusters

Vowel Reduction II: Lowering of Unstressed Short Vowels

Vowel Reduction II: Shortening of Unstressed Long Vowels

Change of ju to eu after r

Changes to Unstressed Word-Final Syllables

Deletion of j and Merging of Palatal Afficates

Vowel Tensing

Syllabic Unpacking

Schwa Fortition to /a/

Syllabification of word-final falling diphthongs

Monophthongisation of Diphthongs over Morpheme Boundaries

Relaxisation of Middle Diphthongs

Changes from Early Modern Valthungian to the present

Labial Trimming

Deletion of Internasal g

Changes to w